Zoulouland (nation)

Zoulouland , territory dominated by the Zulu which is located at the North-East of the current province of KwaZulu-Native in South Africa, extends on the side of the Indian Ocean with the Rivière Tugela in the south and the river Pongola in north.

History

See also: [[People zoulou#Histoire]], [[History of the Zulu People]]

In 1816, Chaka Zulu reaches the throne of the Zulu people. During its first year, it conquers the close territories and makes it possible its people to become about it one of most dominating in the domination of this territory (dividing it with the Ndwandwe S).

Chaka is on the initiative of varied reforms military, social, cultural and political, by centralizing the capacities within the Zulu State and in there practitioner a true hierarchy. Its reforms most relevant was that of its army, while innovating of the tactics and by designing new weapons, and its confrontation with the spiritual leaders following whom it will install a true official authority spiritual.

Another important reform was the reunification of the clans inside the Zulus, with the will that all are levelling in right, for that it installs a system of promotions in the army and the public authorities, with premium with the merit and forsaking the rights of birth.

After the death of the king of Mtetwas Dingiswayo (close people) in the arms of Zwide (king of Ndwandwes) towards 1818, Chaka assumes ron role of leader within alliance Zulu-Mtetwa, while gaining with the Bataille of Gqokli Hill as of the first year against Ndwandwes, then two years later in 1820 it gains a new battle against these same adversaries at the time of the Bataille Mhlatuze River before putting an end to its alliance. It is as from this moment that a fatal campaign begins against from other tribes and clans (the Nguni S) called Mfecane where of important migratory flux are exerted because of the war. In 1825, Chaka has an important empire covering a broad territory of the ocean in the East with the mountains Drakensberg in the West, and of East London in the south with the Pongola river in North.

In same time, a close branch with the Zulus, Kumalos or Matabeles, also built a great empire more in north and constitutes the country which is the Zimbabwe today.

Chaka, which has relations with the new explorers English, carries out that the Blancs constitute a threat for the buildings, consequently it sets up a program intensive of education to make it possible to the people to make up for his lost time on Europeans. However, in 1828 his/her half-brother Dingane assassinates it and succeeds to him the throne. Dingane organizes the execution of Piet Retief and many trekboers in 1838. It will be in its turn assassinated in 1840 by Zulu Nyawo, Sambane and Nondawana close to Ingwavuma. Mpande succeeds to him and will reign there until in 1872, replaced by his/her son Cetshwayo who manages to counter the attacks of the Boer S.

On the other hand, it must face the problem raised by English. In 1878, Bartle Frere (High-Commissioner in South Africa) gives an ultimatum to Cetshwayo (against the opinion of the British Empire) to return the weapons, this last refuses and begins then the anglo-Zulu Guerre in 1879.

The first battle (Battle of Isandhlwana), shows a bloody reverse for the colonial army during which the Zulus kill more British miles soldiers per day. It is about the largest defeat of the empire against a non-European force. This defeat causes a reorganization of the effort of war among British where many soldiers are unloaded. The July 4th 1879, the British gain finally, obliges the exile of Cetshwayo with London and subdivides Zoulouland in thirteen areas, each one managed by a small King , the whole under the control of John Dunn.

After this war of 1879, the British set up a Resident , Melmoth Osborne, to try the mediation between the chiefs ds local tribes and the colonial government, but in 1882, a civil war bursts opposing the partisans of Cetshwayo and those of three rival chiefs, whose UZibhebhu, the British tries to give Cetshwayo on the throne, but in vain, this last being attacked by UZibhebhu the July 22nd 1883, finally the British Empire puts a term at it by annexing all the territory the March 9th 1887, finished annexation the December 31st 1897 .

In 1970 was created, within the framework of the Apartheid, the Bantoustan KwaZulu. The area was, in 1994, reinstated in the South Africa and composes today the province of the KwaZulu-Native .

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