Your of entry

The your of entry () is one of the four tons of the Phonologie medieval Chinese . The tone is generally described like short and sharp, and is always as a vigor for plusieures variety of the Chinese Langues (but not of all). Nowadays, the tone of entry disappeared from the majority of the Dialectes mandarins. This tone remains manifestly used in the southernmost languages chionoises, of which the Yue (Cantonese, the languages Min, and the Hakka.

Let us tons fully form part of the Chinese language and its literature, because the Chinese characters were selected according to their Rime S and of their Euphonie. This practice makes it possible by aillor to rebuild the pronunciation of the antiquated Chinese and the medieval Chinese in spite of the character logographic of the language.

Phonetics

From a phonetic point of view, the tone of entry is a Syllable finished by a consonant Occlusive Sourde, or. In certain Chinese dialects, the occlusive final became a Glottal stop . Certain linguists also proposed rebuildings of the antiquated Chinese which include sound occlusive consonants, or a group of consonants including of the occlusive ones.

History

It is generally allowed that the occusives deaf persons who determine the tone of entry existed since the Livre of songs of the Dynastie Zhou (1027-771 BC). Moreover, according to certain assumptions, since the mid- Dynasty Han, there existed two types of tone of entry, a your of entry runs (which ends in, and) and a your of entry runs . The long tone of entry became the Your of exit after the final consonants were lost, whereas the tone of entry runs remained the tone of entry.

The first Chinese philologists started to describe the phonology of Chinese during the Dynasties of North and the South, of 400 with 600, under the influence of the Bouddhisme and the language Sanskrit with which they arrived. There were plusieures unfruitful attempts to classify tons them of Chinese, before the establishment of traditional classification in 4 let us tons between 483 and 493. This one is based on the vedic theory of the 3 intonations (聲明論). The average ontonation, Udātta, are equivalent to the your top (平聲); intonation rising, Svarita, equivalent your amount (上聲); intonation downward, Anudātta, equivalent to the your descendant (去聲). The distinctive sound of the syllables ending in occlusive did not agree with the three intonations and was called the your of entry (入聲). The use of the system with four let us tons developed during the dynasties Sui and Tang. Important a Dictionary rhymes, the Qieyun, was written at that time.

It was emitted the assumption that the tone of entry was lost in Mandarin due to the influence of the invasions of the tribes of the north, of which Mongolian S of the Dynastie Yuan (1279 - 1368). The Zhongyuan Yinyun , a Book of rhymes gone back to 1324, watch of the signs of the disappearance of the tone of entry and the emergence of the modern system of the 4 let us tons Mandarin. The time specifies to which the tone of entry was lost there is unknown, although it is probable that it was at the time of the Dynastie Qing.

Examples

Your of Chinese entry

Mandarin

The tone of entry is found only in one of the Dialectes mandarins, the Mandarin of Yangtze. In the other dialects, the tone of entry was lost, and the syllables which had this tone of entry have from now on one of the four others tons Mandarin, according to the initial consonant of each syllable. Below an outline of the transformations according to the various dialects:

Cantonese

Like the majority of the vriantes of the Chinese languages, the Cantonese changed its plosives, affricatives and fricative sound initial of medieval Chinese, against their dumb counterpart.

To compensate for the loss of this distinctive characteristic, Cantonese divided your of medieval Chinese into two your distinct, one for the sound initial consonant of medieval Chinese (Yang) and the other for the dumb initial consonant of medieval Chinese (Yin). Moreover, Cantonese divided the tone of entry of Yin into two, that is to say your top for the short vowels and a low tone for the long vowels. Consequently, Cantonese presents 3 tons of entry:

high (short Yin, 陰入)
average (long Yin, 中入), derived the top (陰入)
low (Yang, 陽入)

The tone of entry of Cantonese kept his short and acute character.

Hakka

Min

The southernmost Min (Minnan, of which the Taiwanese) has two tons of entry:

(Yin, 陰入), your numbered high 4
low (Yang, 陽入), your numbered 8

The words with a tone of entry finish both with a Arrêt glottal, or (all not aspired). There exist many words presenting of the finales different in their literary form or their shape from language of the street.

Your of entry in the not-Chinese languages

Many Chinese words were used in Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese during the period of existence of the medieval Chinese . These languages consequently integrated the tone of entry into various degrees.

Japanese

Because the Japanese Langue does not allow the use of a consonant at the end of the syllable, the finales - K , - p , - T generally were returned in the separate syllables - ku or - ki , - been able , and - Ti ( - chi ) or you ( - tsu ) respectively. Later, the modifications have affected these finales:

in certain cases, the fianle was directly followed by a dumb consonant, the end being consequently lost, and the bitch consequently becoming the object of a Gémination.

examples: gaku + kou becomes gakkou (school), and shitsu + hai becomes shippai (failure)

the final - been able became - U . ( been able > fu > hu > U )

example: jipu (ten) became jū

It is possible to find the original final by examining the historical use of the kanas used to spell the word (Japanese can be written with Chinese characters (Kanji S) or a Syllabaire (Kana S)).

Korean

The Korean guard the finales - K and the - p , whereas the final - T became - L .

Rebuilding of the tone of entry starting from Mandarin

Although they ILO difficult to identify the words including/understanding in the beginning a tone of entry starting from only the Mandarin, it is however possible to plan to find this tone by the analysis of the phonetic component of each character. For example, if one knows that 白 (white) has a tone of entry, 拍 (to beat), 柏 (Cèdre), 帛 (white clothing), 迫 (urgent) also have a tone of entry. Although this method is not fully satisfactory, it generally gives good the first information.

See too

Sino-Japanese
Sino-Korean
Sino-Vietnamese

External link

Chinese Universal Thunders Tutorial

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