Yogyakarta

Yogyakarta (one wrote Jogjakarta until the spelling reform of 1972 and this form remains used in French) is the capital of the special territory of the same name, the Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta in the center of the island of Java. Yogyakarta owes its special statute with the part played by its sovereign, the sultan Hamengku Buwono IX, at the time of the conflict which opposed of 1945 to 1949 the Republic of independent Indonesia to the Netherlands, the old colonial power. Traditionally, the governor is the sultan (currently, Hamengku Buwono X, wire of the precedent).

Yogyakarta is twinned with Kyōto (with the Japan) and with the California (with the the United States).

Administration

The territory of Yogyakarta is located in the south of the center of Java. It is surrounded of the province of Jawa Tengah and is bordered in the south by the Indian Ocean. Its population is of 3 000 000 inhabitants. Its surface is of 3 186 km ².

The daerah istimewa (special territory) of Yogyakarta has the statute of administrative subdivision of the 1st level, equal to that of province. It is divided into 4 Kabupaten (departments) and a Kota (municipality):

Kota Yogyakarta (32,5 km ²)
Kabupaten Sleman (574,82 km ²)
Kabupaten Bantul (506,86 km ²)
Kabupaten Gunung Kidul (1 485,36 km ²)
Kabupaten Kulon Progo (586,27 km ²).

Yogyakarta is the second smaller area of Indonesia in terms of surface, after the territory of Jakarta. However, it has one of the highest population densities of Java.

The city

The town of Yogyakarta is located at the coordinates. The municipality is divided of 14 districts ( kecamatan ), of which several bear the name of the princes who had installed their residence there:

Gondokusuman (" ground of Gondokusumo")
Jetis
Tegalrejo
Umbulharjo
Kotagede
Mergangsan
Ngampilan
Danurejan (" ground of Danurejo")
Kraton (district of the royal palace)
Wirobrajan (" ground of Wirobrojo")
Pakualaman (district of the palate of princes Paku Alam)
Mantrijeron
Gedongtengen
Gondomanan.

History

A found inscription with Kalasan, to approximately 10 with km is of Yogyakarta and gone back to 778, a king Sailendra mentions who observes the Buddhist rites. The temples of the center of Java built between VIIIe and Xe centuries are of Buddhist rite, as Borobudur builds by Sailendra or shivaite, as Prambanan built by Sanjaya, another dynasty of the center of Java, but present sometimes elements of the two rites, which coexisted.

The sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat was founded in 1756 by prince Mangkubumi of the kingdom of Mataram in the center of Java.

In 1746 Mangkubumi, a brother of the sunan (king) Paku Buwono II of Mataram, joined its nephew prince Said, entered in rebellion 1741 against the king. This act starts the 3rd Javanese war of succession. The sunan falls ill in 1749. The baron von Hohendorff, governor of the VOC (Vereenigde Oostindische Company or " Dutch Company of the Eastern Indies " , created in 1602 by Dutch merchants) for the north-eastern coast of Java, establishes the son of Paku Buwono II, which takes the title of Paku Buwono III. The new governor, Nicolaas Hartingh, promise in Mangkubumi to offer part of Java to him. A treaty is signed in 1755 in Giyanti, by which the VOC recognizes the sovereignty of Mangkubumi on half of Java Centers. Mangkubumi takes the title of sultan Hamengku Buwono and built his capital, which he baptizes Yogyakarta, on the site of old Mataram. See also: History of Java

Capital Yogyakarta of the Republic of Indonesia

In January 1946, is hardly 5 months after the proclamation of independence, the Dutchmen reinvested Jakarta, forcing the government indonésien to transfer the capital to Yogyakarta. It will remain it until the formal transfer of sovereignty on December 27th, 1949, which sees the creation of a République of the United States of Indonesia and marks the end of what Indonésiens call the Revolusi , i.e. the period of armed conflict and diplomatic which opposes Indonesia to its former colonizer.

Culture and tourism

The city is known like centers Javanese classic art and traditional culture including/understanding the shadow theater wayang kulit , the Batik, the Ballet, the Théâtre, the Musique, the Poésie. It is also a place of study, including/understanding various universities.

Yogyakarta is known for its goldsmithery, in particular the work of the money. The district of the goldsmiths is Kota Gede , in the south-east of the city. A walk in the streets of Kota Gede makes it possible to see the beautiful houses that the families built themselves which grew rich in work by the money. In Kota Gede is also fall it from Senopati, lord of Mataram whose conquests sat the authority on the center and is of Java. The tomb is located in a beautiful enclosure of style Hindu-Javanese. It is the place of a ritual ceremony Fridays which correspond to the day kliwon of the Javanese week five days (at midday).

A curiosity of the area of Yogyakarta is the church of Crowned Heart of Jesus of the village of Ganjuran, located at approximately 20 kilometers of the city. The church belongs to a unit built in 1924 by two brothers, Joseph and Julius Smutzer, which directed a sugar refinery in the area, which included/understood schools and a private clinic. The church was built in 1927 in an architecture which mixes the Hindu influences, Javanese and European.

In Indonesia, Yogyakarta passes to be at the same time one of the sanctuaries of the culture of Javanese court, and a place open on the world and modernity. Proof is the university Gadjah Mada, rested by the sultan Hamengkubuwono IX in 1946, full conflict (1945-49) between the young Republic and the old colonial power.

The painter and German musician Walter Spies (1895-1942), which is one of the first Western artists to make known Bali in the world, was leader of the troop of European music of the sultan of Yogyakarta.

Another curious bond of Yogyakarta in Europe is the name of its principal artery, Malioboro, named according to the duke of Marlborough immortalized by the song.

Yogyakarta is also a center of contemporary creation in the fields of the music, the dance and the theater.

Education

Including/understanding many high level universities, Yogyakarta is recognized like an important university center. The north of the area lodges the university Gadjah Mada, the first university " Indigenous " and one of the most prestigious universities of Indonesia. One also counts, through all the area:

the Indonesian Institute off the Arts - Yogyakarta
the Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta
the Universitas Islam Indonesia
the Universitas Sanata Dharma
the Universitas Pembangunan Nasional " Veteran" Yogyakarta
the Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
the Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta
the Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana .

Transport

The International airport of Yogyakarta Adisucipto obtained the international statute in 2004. It is connected to Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia and to Singapore. If not, the access since the foreigner is possible via Jakarta or Denpasar with Bali.

The city is on one of the two principal railways of Java, that which connects Jakarta to Surabaya by the south. Yogyakarta is also connected by rail to Bandung, capital of the province of Western Java and important university center.

The city counts many buses, but also taxis of the andon and becak . The motor bike remains the most common means of transport, even if the car tends to be popularized.

Health

There are several hospitals with Yogyakarta. Largest are the Dr. Sardjito Hospital , the Bethesda Hospital Yogyakarta and the Panti Rapih Hospital'.

Seism of 2006

References

Department off Tourism, Post and Regional Telecommunication Office For Yogyakarta Special Area. (1997) Guide To Yogyakarta . Yogyakarta: Department off Tourism, Post and Telecommunication.

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