Events

• Fine of the Small Ice Age. Retreat of the glaciers in the the Alps (1860 - 1960). Retreat of the glaciers of the island of Baffin (Canada) of 3 m per annum as from 1860.

• France: Second Empire

• the United States: American Civil War
• Japan: end of the Period Edo, beginning of the restoration Meiji

• As from 1860, the crisis of the traditional capacity causes at the Louba Kasai the progression of a new worship, the Lubuku: worship of the hello, it announces the return of peace, fruitfulness and prosperity, at the same time as the reconciliation and the unification of the louba which are then parcelled out in small chefferies. The new religion recommends to smoke of the Cannabis to communicate with the ancestors. Preachers proliferate, like Mukenge Kalamba, which comes into contact with merchant-hunters Chokwe, of which it receives cotton fabrics and firearms, elements of prestige and power, that it presents to his like the tools of the next rebirth. It puts in contact in 1875 with the tradesmen luso-African of Angola then, starting from 1880 approximately, with Europeans of the colonial station of Luluabourg who support his rise until worms 1890.

Italian unit

• the king and the Parliament settle Turin with Rome. The 443 members of the Parliament are chosen by 300  000 voters (out of 20 million Italians). The catholics are excluded from it, the pope having prohibited to them to present itself. The Parliament is divided into two, the right-hand side (appointed Piedmontese heirs to Camillo Cavour and sympathizers Italian) and the left (Mazzini converted ens, republicans, Garibaldi ens). From 1861 with 1876, the very restricted electorate brings back the line to the capacity. Eight presidents of the Council and thirteen governments follow one another. The line applies to the very whole Italy the Piedmontese administrative model, itself inherited the France.

• the new State extends on 259  320 km ² and have 21  777  000 inhabitants. He saw mainly agriculture (8 million farmers for 3 million workers of industry and the craft industry).

• Harmonization of the currencies between 1861 and 1870 (To read). Homogenization of public finances, in particular of the debt in 1861.

• the pupils of the elementary schools and preparatory are 1  633  000; those of the colleges, 15  848 (0,06% of the population). 78% of illiterates on average, mainly in the southernmost areas.

Significant characters

• Napoleon III

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Economy & Company

• Famine of cotton, following the blockade of the States Southerners during the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). British textile industry is touched hard.
• British annual exports are of 160 million £ between 1860 and 1869.
• Manchester account 400  000 inhabitants (90  000 in 1801, 237  000 in 1831).
• the Spain account 15,6 million inhabitants.
• Of 1860 to 1880, the quantum of exports of cereals in Russia passes from 12 to 40 million quintals.
• sugar and the derivative products (mixed, rum) account for 70% of exports of Cuba. This economy claims many slaves, who represent towards 1860 more half of the population. Cuba receives 387  216 slaves between 1835 and 1864, are 13  000 on average per annum.

The United States

• the the United States count 48  000 km of Railroads, mainly in the north of the country which obtains the military and industrial superiority. The South has only 10% of the industrial potential of the United States.
• Deceleration of the growth in industry (1860 - 1865).
• the South produces a million tons of Coton and counts 4 million slaves.
• Extraction of 14 million tons of coal per annum.

• 32 million inhabitants to the the United States. The States of North count 21 million inhabitant for 9 million (including 3,5 million slaves) in the South.

• 20% of the inhabitants lives in cities.
• Ten cities exceed 100  000 inhabitants. New York account 850  000 inhabitants, Philadelphia 650  000, Chicago 110  000.
• 2  300  000 immigrants between 1860 and 1869 (14  million until 1900).
• Rural migration: 18 million people until 1900.

Africa

• the clandestine draft of the slaves is maintained in Angola, with the Bénin and in Oyo (southern of the current Nigeria).

• Beginning of the circulation of coin with the Senegal and in Gambia. Elsewhere, the currencies of exchanges between African are varied: Cauris metal , objects, fabrics, etc the exchanges between European and American traders, slave traders or merchants “licit”, are regulated by payable or promissory note and bill of exchange in England Havana. Between the Africans and the foreigners, the exchanges generally take the form of barter (system of the packages).

• Decline of the commercial city of Salaga (current Ghana) vis-a-vis the competition of Bouna, Sore-Dioulasso or Kitampo.

• Trade of the States interlacustres with the Arabs of the coast Swahili and the Khartoum iens, which feed out of firearms the rival States.

Simple: 1860s