Events

Europe

Germany

• Unification of the German Empire.
• Law founding the Social Security.

France

• Beginning of the Second Republic.

America

• Series of strikes in the textile factories of Allegheny, close to Pittsburgh, in the years 1840. The workers require shorter day's works.
• the border ( frontier ) reached the meridian 100°. Four million five hundred and thousand people has already crosses the the Appalachian Mountains to join the valley of the the Mississippi.
• Eleven million Americans lives in cities.

Africa

• Zimbabwe: The chief of the Ndébélé, Mosélékatsé, destroyed the remainders of the Monomotapa and substitutes the kingdom Matabélé for it.
• Zambia: The Kololo, people Sotho hustled by Mosélékatsé migrate towards the Bechuanaland then seize the kingdom Lozi leads by its chief Sébitouané.
• Lesotho: The king of the Sotho of the south, Moschech, concentrates his people in the solid mass Basouto and succeeded in preserving his independence. He will be attacked several time by the Boers of the Orange (1858 - 1864 - 1867) and will be cut down in the west.

• Decline of the kingdom of Cassange when the Ovimbundu, alive in the center of the Angola, emigrate towards north and the kingdom Lounda. Ovimbundu, divided into a dozen small States whose most important control the commercial crossroads of Bihe, reach their apogee between 1840 and 1890 during the cycles of wax, the ivory and rubber. They operate at the Lounda starting from 1840, with the Katanga (1850), with the Kasai and at the Lozi of the Zambezi.

• the Islam penetrates with the Bouganda via the merchants arabo- Swahili and kharthoumiens.

• the Ethiopia is then gathered in four States: the Choa, the Striped , the Godjam and the Bégameder.

• Apogee of the empire Peul of the Macina, directed by Cheikou Tinder, assisted the Council of the forty, in an extreme austerity, any moral disordered state being punished. Cheikou Amadou unifies measurements, improves the river traffic, organizes the taxation in a less feudal system.

• Expansion of the kingdom of Kenedugu, in country Senufo (capital Sikasso, south of the current Mali), under the dynasty of the Traore.

Significant characters

• the chancellor Bismarck.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• Postage stamp.

Economy & Company

• the Hungary account 240  000 Jews.

Americas

• the United States: Convoys of cattle (up to 10 million heads) of the Texas to the lines of Railroad of the Kansas (Abilene) and of the Missouri (1840 - 1897).
• Argentinian: Exports Argentine S of wool pass from 1,6 million kilos in 1840 to 45 million in 1860, to reach 100 million in 1880 and 200 in 1890.
• the Antilles: Vis-a-vis the shortage of consecutive labor to the abolition of slavery, the Great Britain and the France recruit “workers under contract”: slaves are repurchased in Africa or are seized in the ships clandestine, proclaimed slave traders free and are constrained to accept a contract of emigration. The British Antilles receive 36  from it; 000 between 1841 and 1867, French West Indies 15  000 between 1857 and 1862.

Europe

Ireland

• a great famine devastation Ireland. Consequence of the British imperial policy and diseases which fall down on harvests, it had an major impact on the demography of the island. It would have made between 0,5 and 1 million dead and pushes many Irish to emigrate.

Indonesia

• It has there no credit provided for indigenous teaching. In 1840, on a budget of approximately 40 500 , guilder million only; 000 are planned for the station “agriculture, religion, art and science”.
• Retreat of the traditional productions (pepper, grooves) with Java with the profit of the Café, the Canne to sugar, and of the Indigo (third rank of the benefit between 1840 and 1864). The culture of the Tabac develops develops in the Oostkust (north-western of Sumatra).
• the palm tree with oil is cultivated in the area of Buitenzorg. Its culture will be organized for export at the 20th century.

Africa

• Egypt: Mohamed-Ali leaves a prosperous country having a modern economy. This evolution is due mainly to French technical advisers, such Jumel, which introduced the culture of cotton with long fibers or Linant de Bellefonds which made build the first stopping on the Nile.

• Angola: The merchants of Luanda open a port with Moçâmedes, in the South of the Angola, with an aim of coming directly into contact with the producers of Ivoire. A new road is inserted at the Nkunde and the Ovambo, at the current border of the Namibia (slaves, gum, wax, cattle).

• Gold Coast : The trader euro-African Samuel Hakes Brew, resulting from a line of slave traders of Irish origin and Fanti, makes the trade of gold and the ivory with the country ashanti starting from Cape Coast (1840 - 1860).
• Madagascar: The French Napoleon de Lastelle, installed with Tamatave, employs 2  300 people in its forging mills, its machine shops and its plantations (canes with sugar, coffee-tree and coconut).
• the Maghreb: Increase in the Trans-Saharan trade starting from Tripoli. Its growth accelerates starting from 1860.

• Zanzibar : The sultan Seyyd Saïd ibn Sultan revival the trade of the Ivory, introduced the Giroflier into the island of Zanzibar, develops agriculture by the use of slaves and supports the draft (15  to with it; 000 slaves are imported each year of 1840 with 1870). The establishment of the Indian and European tradesmen is supported, of the consulates are installed.

• the plantations of giroflier require much servile labor for harvest and because of the strong mortality (from 22 to 30% per annum). With Zanzibar, they are large-sized and with the hands of the aristocracy Oman I. The plantations of small and average dimension, comparatively numerous to Pemba and on the coast Mrima (30 to 100 slaves), are distributed better between the various groups (Omani, Swahili, Indiens).
• Zanzibar exports 210  000 kg of ivory in 1841, 375  000 kg in 1843, 435  000 kg in 1848, between 297  000 kg and 437  500 kg until in 1856.
• Zanzibar imports products of Eastern Africa (Ivoire, Gomme copale, Esclave S) to redistribute them. Three main axes end on the coast; in the South, of Kiloa towards the Lake Nyassa by the country Yao. In the Center, of Bagamoyo and the coast Mrina , vis-a-vis Zanzibar, towards Tabora in the country Nyamwezi, to the bordering countries of the Big lakes, with the Katanga and the higher course of the River Congo. In North, of Mombasa towards the Lake Victoria and the Mount Kenya by the country Kamba.
• the domestic trade of Zanzibar relates to rare products, iron, salt and copper. The local arts and crafts persists, in spite of the fabric importation omani ( dobwani ), Indians ( kamiki , bandar , assilia , barsati ), American ( merikani ) and Europeans at the end of the century, which ruins the textile craft industry. Increasing imports of rifles (5  000 in Zanzibar towards 1845,100  000 in 1880) support on the other hand workshops of powder and repair or manufacture of weapons.

Simple: 1840s