Events

  • Advanced glaciers in the Alps (maximum of 1814 with 1825).

  • Restoration in France.

  • Time of the trappers in the American West (1820-1830).
  • After the independence of the Argentinian , the absence of a political and economic center single causes inevitable divisions. The will of Buenos Aires to unify the country, and in particular to monopolize the receipts drawn from the customs duties, runs up against the federalistic impulses of the interior. During one decade, create for themselves many independent republics in all the country, dominated by powerful caudillos.
  • the shortly after its independence, the Nicaragua is shaken by a conflict between the conservatives of the town of Granada and the liberals of that of León. The ceaseless civil wars prevent that this develops the process of construction official.

Significant characters

  • Metternich, leader of Holy Alliance, makes repress European agitation (moved by liberal aspirations and the right of the people to have themselves).

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • In England appears in the commercial middle-class a feeling putting the hearth at the center of the human activity (“ home sweet home ”).

Economy & Company

France

  • the land and buildings of the aristocracy of Ancien Mode is entirely reconstituted towards 1820 - 1830.
  • Construction of roads in the the Alps. Intended program to make usable the natural ways, the such Doubs for the junction enters the the Rhone and the the Rhine. But work starts in all the sectors, by dispersing the means of financing and building sites. The Restauration however manages to open with navigation 930 km channels.

Africa

  • Strong growth of the commercial exchanges with the Europe and the America between 1820 and 1850 (the value of exports of the France and the the United Kingdom towards the Africa is multiplied by six or seven during the century). The British export industrial products (cotton fabrics, woolen articles, firearms beside the traditional goods of the triangular trade (rum, tobacco, small glasswares and other “goods of prestige”). Exports of Africa towards the industrialized countries strongly increase. In direction of Great Britain, they double four times in value during first half of the century, profiting from a big rise of the prices until in 1830 while increase the exported quantities. Traditional products of export (gum, gold, skins, ivory, dyewood, wax…) are exceeded during the century by the groundnut and palm oil.
  • the Ivory, traditionally exported towards the Indies, is dispatched from 1820 towards the United States and Europe. Following the exhaustion of the zones of huntings (firearms), its price doubled between 1800 and 1810 on the market of Surat, in India. With Zanzibar, the ivory of the first quality, sold 22 dollars the frasila in 1823, is worth successively 30 dollars in 1841, 38 dollars in 1848, 70 dollars in 1856 and 80 dollars in 1880.
  • : 384300 slaves will be exported of central Africa between 1817 and 1843: : 147000 come from the coast of Loango to the Kongo: 30600 of Ambriz: 58400 of Benguela: 4400 for Luanda and: 144100 of “Angola”.

Demography

  • the the United States count nearly 10 million inhabitants, including 1,5 million blacks.
  • 120  000 Indians live in the East of the the Mississippi. In 1844, they will be nothing any more but 30  000, majority having been constrained to move towards the West.
  • At the time of independence, the Spanish America counts a score of million inhabitants divided between Blanc, Indiens, Noirs and mongrel.

Simple: 1820s

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