Years 1790

Events

  • Brazil: The country knows a very important political, social and cultural effervescence. Many groups, companies and academies were created, marking the beginning of a national life literary and cultural, hitherto very dependant on the Portugal.

  • Africa: At the end of the 18th century, the kingdom Lounda, to the North-East of the Angola, extends over a 1200 km length. The authority of the mwata Yambo, emperor of Lounda, is unquestioned. He is the leading vendor of slave of Luanda and perceives an important tribute of several tens of chiefs (slaves, ivory, metals, skins, vivres, fabrics…).

  • Kazembe, capital of the Eastern province of the empire Lounda, located a score of kilometers at the south of the Lake Moero, directed by the mwata Kazembe, acquires its autonomy. She knows a prosperous economy at the beginning of the 19th century (salt and copper mines, agriculture, collection of tributes, exports) and trades with the Atlantique and the Indian Ocean.
  • At the end of the 18th century the Portuguese authorities of Luanda institute a rather liberal economic legislation, which removes the mode of the commercial monopolies gradually and makes it possible to the independent small shopkeepers to traverse the back-country ( sertão ). Those form permanent establishments quickly and collaborate with adventurous Africans. These Luso-Africans will extend the network of exchanges in Angolan savanna throughout the 19th century, starting from Luanda and of Benguela.
  • the leaders of the cities Haoussa convert with the Islam at the end of the century.

Significant characters

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • Nicolas Appert develops the first method of conservation of food, by cooking prolonged safe from the air, in bottles of glass, the Appertisation .

Economy & Company

  • 125 factories and small manufactures in Hungary towards 1790 - 1800. 80  000 craftsmen in 1800.

  • At the end of the century, the foreign trade of the Egypt is distributed to 44,5% with the Ottoman Empire, 34,5% with Djedda (Arabia), 14% with the Europe, 3,7% with North Africa, 3,1% with the Darfur and the Sennar.

  • At the end of the 18th century, Santo Domingo account 500  000 inhabitants: 40  000 colonists, 28  000 mulattos and more 430  000 black slaves. The Guadeloupe reached 100  000 inhabitants (7000 in 1670).

Great Britain

  • the cotton consumption gross doubles between 1790 and 1800.
  • the annual production of iron is of 79  000 tons.
  • the wages increase by 45% between 1790 and 1810.

  • the land elite, having an income of more than 1  000£ per annum, is restricted with 5  000 families. She saw divided between her London residences and her villas in the countryside ( country houses ).

  • the Scotland, which counts four universities (for two in England), account at the end of the century approximately 3000 students (on a population of 1,6 million), against nearly 2000 in England (on a population of 9 million).

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Simple: 1790s

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