Events

• War of Independence of America

• Advanced Glacier S in the the Alps (1770 - 1777).

Significant characters

• Fayette

• George Washington

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Economy & company

France

• 27,7 million inhabitants in France.
• the expenditure engaged by the French State drops by 277 to 234 million books of 1770 with 1775, whereas the receipts of the tax department increase, by the combined effects of the rise of the economy and the rise of the threshold of the taxes (from 1770 to 1775, the gross income of the State passes from 318 to 377 million, the net income from 169 to 213 million). The deficit drops substantially, passing by 108 with less than 25 million in the interval.
• 1200 tons of money equivalent of expenditure engaged by the State (1770-1775). The net incomes go up to nearly 800 tons. The deficit is in retreat.

• 60% of the men is taught reading and writing in the cities.

Great Britain

• the consumption of Coton gross triples between 1770 and 1790.
• the England exports for 4 million £ manufactured goods towards the the Antilles and the North America, in exchange of colonial produces (4,5 million £, including 3 for the West Indies ). In addition traffic of gross products between the colonies insular and continental (1,3 million £), the transport of the African slaves (34  000 per annum on average), exportations of products manufactured towards the Africa (0,7 million £), the sending with London of the gold of Guinea.

Africa

• the trade Swahili reaches the Lac Nyassa.
• Culture of the Corn to Kiloa, from where it penetrates in the continent by the southernmost road of the caravans.
• Introduction of the giroflier into the Mascareignes.
• the trade slave trader of the Gabon provides from 3000 to 3500 slaves per annum during the last third of the 18th century. In addition to the slaves, Gabon exports ivory, wood (ebony, dyewood), wax and gum. The maritime outlets are the reserved domain of an ethnicity which dominates the trade (the Mpongwè in the estuary of the Gabon, the Orungu with the Cape Lopez, the Nkomi with Fernan Vaz).

North America

• the black slaves account for 21% of the population of the British colonies.

• the exchanges between the British Colonies and the metropolis represent 2,8 million books (500  000 in 1700).

• With the beginning of the year 1770,5% of the taxpayers of Boston has 49% of the taxable credits of the city. With Philadelphia and New York, the richnesses are concentrated also more and more.

The Antilles

• More 40  000 slaves per annum are imported towards the Antilles.
• Barbados produced 6  000 tons of sugar, the Jamaica 36  000, for 67  000 tons on the whole in the English Antilles.
• Santo Domingo produced 63  000 tons of sugar per annum starting from 1767.
• the Martinique account 80  000 inhabitants, including three quarters of slaves black.

South America

• the republic of the Guarani S with the Paraguay account 110  000 Indians divided into 38 reductions under the shared responsibility of 83 Jesuits.

• 1,5 million inhabitants to the Brazil.

Australia

• On arrival of Europeans, the Indigenous of Australia, lives hunting the large one and average game and fishing-tasks which generally fall on man-and of the gathering and collection of fruits, vegetables, roots, cereals, molluscs, larvae and small animal-tasks ensured by the women and the children. They have sticks to excavate, of baskets out of wooden or bark, of stones to be ground (tool which is generally not transported). The men drive out with engine lances ( will woomera ), of the boomerang or the traps. They use fishing nets.
• the nomadism and the absence of agriculture return the accumulation of goods and useless food products. The company is headless and levelling, and supports spirituality. The Aboriginals take care not to overexploit the environment, and only take that they can consume. They protect the plants or the still young animals, replant part of the tubers and resow part of the wild cereals which they collect. They burn periodically certain zones so that the seeds germinate and that the grass can push, which makes it possible to attract game. They practice supposed rites of multiplications to reinforce faculties of reproduction of the natural species and to recall to the men the place of each natural elements in cosmos.
• In cosmogony aboriginal, the Temps of the dream ( Tjukurrpa ) explains and defines how cosmos had suddenly been what it is. It is not a chronological concept, but the denomination of the permanent bond which exists between the past and the future, between what was and what will be. It indicates at the same time the ancestral creatures which modelled the world and the mythical accounts which tell their exploits. Any species and any natural phenomenon are associated with a mythical hero of the Time of the dream, like the python Arc-en-ciel ( Yurlunggur ), the Wandjina , the Two Brothers , the hero Kangourou , the Pléiades , the men Tingari … These heroes structured a world which was formerly formless and flat. The Aboriginals conceive themselves like the descendants or the incarnation of these Ancestors of the Dream and have the duty to perpetuate their stories by the reiteration of the myths, creation and re-creation of the songs and dances, and by the reproduction of certain graphics which report and describe the routes followed by the Ancestors and their adventures during the creation of the visible world.

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Simple: 1770s