Events

Significant characters

• Duhamel de Querlonde

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

• Introduction of the Potato in Austria.

Art & culture

• intellectual Alarm clock in Poland under the influence of the Lights starting from 1760, centered in the residences of the tycoons close to Warsaw and in their castles (Pulławy close to Lublin for Czartoryski, Łancut, close to Przemysl for Ludomirski, Stenim beside Białystok for Oginski). The literature develops to with it with F. Bohomolec, author of comedies, I. Krasicki, author of satyrs and fables and the poets F. Karpinski and F. Kniazim which announce the romanticism. In history, A. Naruszewicz delivers to the critical study the Middle Ages. O. Kopczynski publishes a Polish grammar. Mathematics and astronomy are in vogue. C. Kluk makes progress botany and agronomy.

Economy & company

• France: Lower birthrate in the cities thanks to the Contraception. The evolution of manners involves a considerable rise of the Prostitution and illegitimacy of the births, accompanied by an increase in the number of the abandonments of children (6 to 7000 abandonments per annum with Paris in 1760-1780).

• Economic revival in Germany in the years 1760. There is not however true middle-class insofar as the mode of the jurandes, everywhere establishes, allows a sufficient production, possibly increased by manufactures of State. A certain middle-class with talents (professors of university), works out a very high culture which contrasts with the political delay, economic and social of the country compared to its Western neighbors.

• 50  000 emigrants come from Germany of the South settle in Hungary of 1760 to 1770.
• the movement of the Enclosure S becomes great extensive in Great Britain. Between 1750 and 1815, the Parliament votes more than 5000 laws authorizing enclosures.

Poland

• the situation of Polish industry is rectified thanks to the capital of the king and the tycoons. The monarch creates a foundry of guns with Warsaw, a faience manufacture with the Belvédère, close to the capital, a factory of weapons with Kozienice, a marble-mason's yard with Debnik; he undertakes to create workshops on the royal fields for the luxury articles: porcelains, lamés of gold and money, cabinet work. The new form of this production is its concentration in factories which are meetings of workshops; the contractors provide the raw material and are owners of the objects manufactured by the Masters and the companions, organization of the type capitalist. To finance these establishments, one creates joint stock companies: first is in 1766 the manufacturing wool Company, with the authorized capital of 777  000 guilders, in hundred actions, directed by a board of directors of twelve members whose president is named by the king. Foreign workmen are solicited: German for the metallurgy, French for the silk trade, Italian for the marble-mason's yards and workshops of painting. The Polish workmen are not specialized operations recruited among the serfs by a system of drudgery. These creations last little and go bankrupt in general.
• traditional industries are the salt mines of Wieliczka and Bochnia, close to Cracow, which produces 600  000 quintals per annum. They have at their head an intendant named by the king and the workmen are paid at the week. The siver-bearing black leads of Olkusz, in the east of Cracow, know a decline before being raised by Stanislas Auguste. Continuous iron with being exploited close to Czestochowa and Radom. As a whole, industry remains not very important compared to the Germany.

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Simple: 1760s