Years 1690

the republic polono - Lithuania does not keep the aspect of a multinational State. If the “nation of noble” became more homogeneous by the polonisation of Ruthènes, common Catholicism and the family ties, the germanized bourgeoisies dominate in north and with the east of the country and the farming communities are varied: Poles, Ruthènes, Lithuanians, Belorusses, Germans and Jews speak about the different languages and remain illiterate. The Catholic religions, Lutherans, calvinists, orthodoxe constitute a vast mosaic to which is added many sects.

At the end of the 17th century, the Portuguese of the Mozambique institute the prazos , which come at the beginning from gifts from grounds that the African chiefs grant to Portuguese adventurers in exchange of their services. The Portuguese government in its turn distributes prazos da Coroa (Plantation of the Crown) to its most honest servants, whom it charges with pacifying the conceded territories and which must, in theory, to pay taxes. At the beginning of the 19th century, the descendants of the prazeros , almost all métissés, live on their grounds in true potentates. They oblige the black chiefs to pay an ivory tribute and as slaves and in front of the increasing precariousness of their condition, the Africans flee their villages, increasing the insecurity.

Fine 17th century: The Peul S of the Macina occupy the Fouta Djalon then immigrate towards the east in the area of Dori in the north of the Royaume Gourma.

With the Dahomey, the capacity is very centralized and is totalitarian. The royal ancestors were the object of a comprising worship of the human sacrifices.

Discovered Catamaran S by William Dampier in the Bay of Bengal.
Invention of the bayonet to casing, allotted to Vauban or the English Mac Kay, which makes it possible to remove the lines of piquiers charged to protect the infantrymen occupied to reload their weapons.
Foundation of British parliamentary monarchy (1689).

the Upper House is made of 200 Lords, named originally by the king, who transmit their seats to their oldest sons. The Lower House (Communes), offers 558 seats to the elected officials of the boroughs and the counties, including 24 with the Wales and 48 with the Scotland (1707). Quickly, the Communes direct the businesses of the country. The English electoral constituencies go back to the Moyen-âge. Voters answering certain conditions censitaires (250 000 owners surroundings) meet in the counties (rural districts) and the boroughs (urban districts). Certain boroughs, which had played a great part with the Moyen-âge became almost deserted and form the “rotted boroughs”, if convenient to be made elect. The public vote allows fraud and corruption. The king created in his fields a certain number of little populated boroughs (boroughs of pocket), entirely under its control. The Gentry , which assumes the loads of the local government free, has strong electoral possibilities.

Economy & company

In Germany of North, one the third of the fields cultivated before 1618 is still unexploited.

Déclin of the agricultural production in France noted by the fall of the product of said (1690 - 1713). It saves the Alsace and the Burgundy. The Île-de-France is maintained until in 1703.

Beginning of Languedocien cloth exports towards the Raising (2 200 parts in 1688, 11 962 parts in 1695, 11 000 in 1702, 32 240 in 1713).

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Simple: 1690s

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