Years 1660

16e century | 17th century | 18th siècle

1660 | 1661 | 1662 | 1663 | 1664 | 1665 | 1666 | 1667 | 1668 | 1669 ----

France: first wave of laws anti-Protestant women, heralding the Edict of Fontainebleau which will revoke the Édit of Nantes in 1685.

Western Africa: The Bambara, come from the east at the beginning of the century, base kingdoms (Ségou, Kaarta) on the ruins of the Empire Songhaï and the Mali. According to the tradition, the founder of the kingdom of Ségou is Kaladian Coulibaly, of which qualities of diplomat Soninké which occupy already the country. His/her son, Danfassari, create the Ségou-Koro capital, to 10 km of current the Ségou.

the fleet of the United Provinces is considered at 2 million barrels, divided into 10 000 vessels and rise by 160 000 sailors.
the English merchant fleet is of 162 000 tons (approximately 200 000 barrels).
the French merchant fleet is estimated at 150 000 barrels. The royal fleet counts 9 ship of the lines. The army counts less 100 000 men.
the Spanish merchant fleet is estimated at 100 000 barrels.

Of 1660 with 1670, the trade balance of the Brésil becomes overdrawn so much so that exports any more but two thirds of the imports do not cover. The competition of the Sugar and the tobacco of the the Antilles, produced by the French and the Dutchmen who break the prices, is the cause. Of 1650 with 1688, the fall is of 40% for sugar, 73% for the tobacco, 72% for the Gingembre.

the Poland is in a lamentable state: all the cities were set fire to and plundered. The population decreased by a third vis-a-vis the epidemics (Bubonic plague) and to the food shortages, passing from ten to six or seven million inhabitants. Wheat and rye exports by Dantzig fell of half since 1600. The agricultural production fell from 25% to 75% according to the areas, especially in Ukraine, razziée by the Tartar , and in Mazovie, devastated by the Swedish. 20% of the reserves of the royal field do not have any more livestock.

the population of Transylvania, decimated by the wars of the beginning of the century, catches up with its level of the end of the 16th century, that is to say 955 000 inhabitants to the maximum. It is made up of six nationalities: a Magyar majority and sicule (500 000), the nation saxonne (90 000), the Roumanians called Valaches (280 000), Serb called Rács, Ukrainians and of another various groups (85 000). One speaks five languages there and practices six religions there, without counting the Juifs and the sects like those of the sabbataires or abrahamites.

Fall of the production of the number of cloth parts with Venice, vis-a-vis the competition of the French, English and Dutch woolen articles exported towards Raising: -42% in the decade 1661 - 1670 compared to the decade 1551 - 1560.

the English population stagnates between 1660 and 1725 (emigration, lowers birthrate).
the average life expectancy in England passes from 30 years to 38 years between 1660 and 1800.
London reached 500 000 inhabitants but is struck successively by a epidemic of plague (1665-1666) and a large fire (September 1666)

Spanish empire of America account 10 380 000 inhabitants of which 80% of Indians, 6 to 7% of White, the remainder is composed of Blacks and Mongrel.
Decline of industry: Seville keeps only the tenth of its weaving looms beginning of the century.
the Spanish nobility represents close to a tenth of the population. A hundred large, the very rich ones, occupy the high positions in the councils. They result from the titulados (noble titrated), of which the number increases because the granting of title reinflates the public purses. At the base, the hidalgos , often not very fortunate, and the caballeros , better affluent, are in search of administrative offices or a clerical benefit rather than of an linked activity to the trade and industry.
the middle-classes of the craft industry or the trade are reduced. The plowmen ( labradores ) suffer from the unequal distribution of the grounds (Castille) and many are the peasants without ground (sharecroppers, employees, shepherds). The tax pressure drives out the peasants towards the cities, which become domestic or marginal (perhaps 150 000 beggars). The number of the pícaros does not cease increasing.

the net income of the State is located at 58 million books per annum between 1661 and 1671. The expenditure annual averages is stabilized to 66 million books, that is to say 58% of the level of the period of war 1635 - 1659. The deficit is practically suppressed (4,5 million on average).
the size S (direct tax) account for 55% of the budget. Colbert will cause to drop them by 31% to 41%, according to the years, asking for the difference of incomes the indirect taxes (Gabelle, Aides on drinks, milked on the movement of the goods), which also strike the privileged people.

Development of the industry of the Silk (Lyon, Vivarais, Nimes). In Nimes, the number of mills with silk multiplies by ten between 1661 and 1681. The factory of silk trade triples with Lyon of 1661 with 1690.

the intendants are charged to liquidate the arrears of debts contracted by the cities since the years 1630 because of the epidemics and of the wars, and to impose on the municipalities of the balanced budgets. These payments generalized in the years 1660 lead to solidify and sclerose urban managements, to control their local taxes. Deprived of their financial means, municipal oligarchies decay and lose their political, military and tax prerogatives which enabled them to consolidate their ramparts and to maintain the militia. The walls of the cities will be cut down soon and their ditches transformed into boulevards.

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Simple: 1660s

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