Years 1540

15e century | 16th century | 17th siècle

1540 | 1541 | 1542 | 1543 | 1544 | 1545 | 1546 | 1547 | 1548 | 1549 ----

Hungary: The pachalik of Buda becomes a province of the Ottoman Empire until in 1699. The escape of the majority of the lords leaves the peasants under the direct authority of the sultan. The noble grounds are transformed into timars - not-hereditary strongholds of a Spahi - but the peasants remain subjected to the same royalties and obligations with in more the Kharadj (capitation paid by the not-Moslems), but the drudgeries disappear. Except for the businesses of police force and taxes, the population has little contact with the Othomans. The Turkish garrisons are locked up in fortresses and has neither massive conversions there, nor strong cultural influences. The cities keep their statute of autonomy but pay a tribute with the sultan who leaves them a broad independence in the administrative domains and religious. They have Mosquée S and Hammam S; certain church with Pest, Pécs and Esztergom are transformed into mosques, but the Hungarian culture is maintained by the colleges calvinists of the boroughs. Protestantism can develop freely.

the Hungarian territory occupied by the Turks during 150 years knows one period of plundering, of child abductions (to recruit the body of the Janissaire S), of depopulation of thousands of villages and hamlets. This last occurred, except the wars, because of the extension of the pastures for the breeding to the detriment of the cereal cultures. The abandonment of the villages goes hand in hand with the development of large rural boroughs. The regular Turkish troops and their auxiliaries tatars make terrible devastations which culminate during the Guerre Fifteen Year old (1593 - 1606). the Door manages its province to benefit from it the most possible (taxes, tributes, taxes and ransoms). It shows a great religious tolerance and collaborates with the Hungarian nobility which keeps its prerogatives, in a kind of condominium.

the publication of the work of André Vésale will cause polemics which will put an end to the galenism

Significant works

the Third Delivers (1546) of François Rabelais; beginning of the publication of the Quart Delivers (1548).

Publication of the Defense and illustration of the French language (1549), Proclamation of the Pleiad written by Joachim of Bellay. The proclamation invites the poets to enrich and diffuse the French by their works.

Simple: 1540s

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