Years 1250
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Events
Africa
- Enclosed
- stone in Africa of South-east, including the elliptic buildings of Large the Zimbabwe.
- Before its decline at the 15th century, the Large-Zimbabwe covers 40 ha. One counts hundreds of enclosure in the area, some sheltering of simple families, but of other as in Tchoumnougoua and Manékouéni are territorial capitals. The unit forms an integrated system connected to the coast.
- the vast stone enclosures of Large-Zimbabwe are certainly the residences of the oligarchy which controls the gold production of the plate. Perhaps they are used religieusement because of many ritual objects, whose steatite figurines, were found on the site.
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Yoruba Apogee of the kingdoms of Ife and of the Benign . To its apogee, the kingdom of Bénin extends on approximately 350 km length on 200 broad.
- the economy of Benign is founded on the trade, that of the slaves especially, initially with the people of savannas, then with Europeans.
- Yoruba civilization is impressive: technique of lost wax, many court in vast wood palates, very populated cities, secret societies… With Benign, according to the oral tradition, one of the successors of Evéka, the oba (king) Obvola, would have supported, at the beginning of XIIIe century, the use of bronze by the craftsmen of Benign. At the end of XIVe century, the king Evaré, allured by the work of an artist originating in Ife, encourages the woodcarving and on ivory.
America
- the Southern Cult reaches its apogee: it covers the major part of the south-east of North America and is characterized by special reasons on the funerary objects. These ritual objects include/understand discs of marine shells, used like gorgerins, and of the complete marine conches decorated with the incised drawings: human eye in a palm of opened hand, eyes in tears, crosses complex, winged and flying human figures, rays of glory. These reasons also appear on copper sheets worked with pushed back, on stone pallets and textiles painted in polychromy. Other objects related to this “Southernmost Worship” include/understand axes and masses of polished stone, as well as vases in the shape of human head representing of the ancestors or the trophies. One is unaware of all the principles and the rites of this worship. Only some features appear, perhaps borrowed from the Mexico: importance given to the cardinal points and death.
Europe
- the reign of the Folkkungar in Sweden mark the assertion of the royal authority, supported by the Church, and the creation of a State. The tax system is deeply modified. The king specifies the statute of the nobility which it free from taxes. This nobility will cooperate with the royal capacity. A feudal mode starts to be established. The period is marked by a very fast development of urban civilization.
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the Poland is divided into a dozen duchies: Poméranie of Gdańsk, duchies of Poznań and Gniezno, duchies of Cujavie (subdivided into two), of Mazovie, Cracow (Kraków) and of Sandomierz, plus the four duchies of Silesia. Large Poland and the Mazovie suffer from the invasions of the pagan Lithuania NS. The ground of Lubusz is lost by Large Poland with the profit of the Askaniens, Masters of the Brandebourg.
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the Sémigales (Zemgales) are the last Baltic people to resist the teutonic Chevaliers between 1250 and 1290, date on which a part was subjected while an other takes refuge in Lithuania.
France
- Towards 1250, it is the end of large the Défrichement S on the territory.
- Of 1250 with 1270: it is the apogee of the creation of the country house S in South-west.
Significant characters
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
Art & culture
- In India, the Buddhism, in decline since the 7th century, practically disappears with the Moslem invasions.
- In the middle of the 13th century, Damas, `Aldine Izz ibn Nadjâ gives up the duty of prayer, gathers around him Moslems Sunnites and Chiites, but also of the Christians, Juifs and Samaritans, also impassioned by the “ sciences of the Greeks ”.
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Drafting in the middle of the 13th century of secret History of the Mongols .
Economy & company
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1250 - 1290: apogee of the commercial revolution in medieval Europe. The Italian cities create a vast commercial empire, England with the Black Sea, oases of the the Sahara to the heart of the Asia.
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the system of the hereditary possession of the titles seems not to have existed in Scandinavia. The recipient of a stronghold ( län ) is with personal capacity in connection with the performance of a duty. The princes of the royal family see themselves entrusting important provinces, in order to fill the desires of the isolated royal branches of the throne ( fyrstelän ). The loads related to certain functions are compensated by the detention of a stronghold: intendants, or “baillifs” (norrois fóguti , Danish foged , Swedish was ), commanders of places or the military districts (Danish hovedsmand , Swedish hövitsman ), chiefs of legal district and administrative ( lagmän ), prefects managing a territorial district (Swedish häradshövding ). These territorial chiefs do not come inevitably from the aristocracy. They are installed in strengthened residences and serve the interests of the king in their district. Certain strongholds are been mortaged against a loan of money (Swedish pantlän , “stronghold-pledge”). Others completely remunerate the required service ( tjänstelän , “stronghold of function”). Sometimes the recipients must return accounts to the suzerain ( räkenskapslän ). Scandinavia also adopted the knighthood ( riddari , knight). One distinguishes the noble resulting ones from the big families, the stormœnd (“ optimi viri ”) of the landmœnd (“gentlemen”), which often are not distinguished from the land big landowners ( storbœnder ) only by their freedom from tax.
Simple: 1250s
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