The An Millet is an expression to indicate the year 1000 of the Christian era, or era known as of the Incarnation, whose origin is at the birth of Jesus-Christ. If this period sees a stressing of religious enthusiasm it is especially marked by a jump Technologique, Culturel and demographic which touches all Europe.

See also: Revival of the medieval occident of the year millet

Year millet: generally accepted ideas?

Because of some errors carried out by the monk Denys Small the in 527 at the 6th century, when it calculated the lapse of Temps separating it from the birth of the Christ, the Year Millet would be in fact between 1004 and 1007 after Jesus-Christ. It is admitted in general that Denys the Small one made an error on the date of birth of Jesus, who would be former from 4 to 7 years with that it estimated. Rich Pierre, historian of the Early middle ages, described the period of the year millet like a period of rebirth.

Since 1873, Dom F. Flat estimated that authors of the 16th century, still amplified by Jules Michelet, had exaggerated the importance of the fears which would have been felt about this time in certain monasteries of Francie (left current the France). In fact, one has only two testimonys of possible a " Fear of the year mil".

Jules Michelet was based on a documentation in eight volumes written by the monk gyrovague Raoul Glaber. In fact, Raoul Glaber devoted a complete volume of his work to the year 1033 (either 1000 years after the death of Jesus on the cross). The year 1033 owed, according to Glaber, being the year of the return of the Christ, which of course did not occur.

These speculations on the date of return of Christ are condemned by the Église: “no one does not know the day nor the hour”, words pronounced by Jesus, reported in the Gospel S.

If there were indeed a certain fear, this one was confined with certain Monastère S, even with a priest in Paris. It does not have or very little touched the population, which was not aware that one entered IIe Millénaire of the Incarnation, because the majority of the documents written at that time were it by Moine S. the use of the dating, according to the Calendrier Julien into force at the time, only started to spread in the official documents. The monks were the only in charge ones with the writing of these documents and the behavior of the Comput.
In 1904, Jose Ortega Gasset fought there to him also the current opinion on terrors of the year millet.

The belief according to which the Year of grace would be an expression appeared at that time, because of Pénitence S requested from the sinners following the " Terreurs" , is thus erroneous.

The use of the Comput, calculation of time and the movable feasts, spread in the administrative documents as from this period, thanks to work of Birtferth, English monk.

The Comput had been set already up before, but partially and inside the monasteries.

The use of the dating of the Christian era, associated with the perception of Terrors, is obviously a phenomenon extremely limited in Occident, not to reduce it to some monasteries in France. It spreads on the grounds of old the Carolingian Empire, not without anguish for the monks who read in the Writings that the reign announced as from the “Good news” will be thousand years, at the time when the calculation in Anno Domini approach of the fateful date few years before it is employed! The monachism in Ireland or in Scotland quotes them of nothing.

On the other hand, the expression of the Terreurs related to these years is perhaps to seek in the resumption of the fight against the heresies which carries out the Catholic church in the Royaume of France: the heresies of the year millet .

Some outstanding characters of this period (in occident)

  • Avicenne (980-1037), philosopher, doctor, Persan mystic, professing Islam, universal spirit, Avicenne is in contact with the occident. It was by Avicenne that works of Aristote could be suitable by Western Europe, in particular of the treaties on logic, physics, metaphysics.
  • Gerbert d' Aurillac, Archbishop of Rheims, Pope of the Year millet under the name of Sylvestre II, Mathematician, French: its Pontificat lasted of 999 with 1003. Gerbert is known in the scientific world to have brought back of Spain the system of decimal notation and the Zero, a long time unknown in occident. Those had been imported of India by Al-Khuwarizmi, mathematician Iranian.
  • Birtferth, Monk English specialist in the Comput,
  • Othon III, emperor of the Holy Germanic Romain Empire, raises Sylvestre II,
  • Odilon de Mercœur, Abbé of Cluny between 994 and 1049; under its abbatiat, the Gospel arrives until the Hungary,
  • Abbon de Fleury, abbot of Fleury (old name of the Abbaye of the Saint-Benoit-on-Loire: at that time, holy Benoît depended on the Abbaye of Cluny.
  • Guillaume de Volpiano, Monk of origin Lombarde, which contributed to the revival of the religious Architecture in Burgundy,
  • Adson of Montier-in-DER: this monk reopened the Monastère of Montier in DER after the destruction by the Viking S,
  • Robert the Piles, king de France,
  • Raoul Glaber, Moine gyrovague, probably at the origin of the legend on the terrors of the Year Millet , popularized by Jules Michelet.
  • Leif Ericsson, chief Viking, reached the coasts of current the Newfoundland and founds a colony with there the Handle in Meadows, which will not be acknowledged perennial.
  • holy Olaf of Norway, owner of the Norway.
  • GUI I, Viscount of Limoges.
  • Poland was évangélisée in 966; about the year 1000 is founded the évêché of Cracow.

Architectural testimonys of the period of the Year millet

In Champagne:
  • the Basilica Saint Remi with Rheims, of style " roman" , which is a rebuilding of old the Carolingian church , devoted in 1049 by the Pape Leon IX, little time before large the Schisme of the East (1054).
One remembers that at the time of the Roman Empire, Rheims was more the big city in north of Rome.

In Burgundy, churches built by Guillaume de Volpiano:

  • Church of Tournus,
  • Church of Chapaize, high bell-tower on the model of the Italian bell-towers
  • Benign Church Saint of Dijon (vestiges)

In Alsace:

  • Church of Ottmarsheim, in a still Carolingian style, of octagonal plan; one finds the octagonal form in the bell-tower of the churches " romanes" of this area.

" Age of Or" Islam

This period corresponds to the “golden age” of Islam.

The territories under Islamic control cover the Arabia, and extend then almost until the Indus, until in Egypt, Western Africa, and Spain.

The Abbasids develop sciences and arts in a center located in the capital which they founded into 762: Baghdad, near to the place where Alexandre died Large the (one remembers that Aristote was tutor of Alexandre Large the). This civilization was diffused in everyone Moslem: worsen Abbasside and areas which are not any more under Abbasside suzerainty: Spain (Omeyyade emirate), and the Maghreb.

See also: Islamic Civilization

See also: the Middle Ages #Échanges with Islamic civilization

The restarting of the occident

See also: Revival of the medieval occident of the year millet

It begins with the Carolingian Renaissance. The economic model resulting from antiquity on which they are founded is called into question by the Moslem expansion to the Mediterranean. This crisis involves the takeover of Europe by the pippinides. Those, to as much justify their new statute with respect to the mérovingiens then of Byzance that to unify their empire, try to restore institutionnellement and culturally the Roman empire with the support of the Church. This attempt called renovatio by the contemporaries then Carolingian rebirth more tardily, is especially visible by artistic and architectural innovations, but it involves also economic transfers and structural major which will be the base of the rebirth of the year millet. In fact Europe changes radically: it leaves antiquity definitively and enters the feudal age. The changes of the agricultural economics (attenuation of the difference between workers, etc) and of the commercial economy (cf the counters Vikings) are marked. Also, Spain Wisigothique was until VIIIe century the academy of knowledge of the Roman empire; and Al-Mansur, caliph de Cordoue, by his violence and its religious intolerance were to flee towards the north of many Jews and Mozarabs who thus brought their knowledge to Western Europe. And it is in this turbid context that will occur the Catalan rebirth, within the fortifications raised by the count Borell. Catalan rebirth which will involve way concomittante the revival of the other Spanish Operating states. This time also will be the theater of a true spiritual rebirth (see the Réforme clunisienne.

China

In China, this period corresponds at the beginning of one boom, with the dynasty of Song of north.

See also: Dynasty Song

Thousand years later

See also: data-processing Passage to the year 2000

There was this time a certain fear with the approach of the year 2000, which had with the maladjustment of the memories of the Ordinateur S, bases and programs Informatique S, compared to the year coded on 2 digits only.

See too

References

Internal bonds

External bonds

  • Basilica Remi saint of Rheims
  • Calendar Saga
  • Bibliography provided by Center for Millenium Studies At Boston University

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