Xe century

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Years 900 | Years 910 | Years 920 | Years 930 | Years 940
Years 950 | Years 960 | Years 970 | Years 980 | Years 990

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 901 and finishes the December 31st 1000.

Events

Southern Africa

  • Civilization Koï-Koïn (Hottentots) attested in Southern Africa.

    • the economy of Hottentots rests on the gathering.
  • the Bantou invade little by little the Southern Africa.
    • Bantou control the metallurgy of the iron which allows them clearings and cultures with large scales.
  • the Arab geographer Maçoudi mentions the town of Sofala earlier, installed by the Arab in the south of the Zambezi two centuries and fights about it against the Wak-Wak, installed with the mouth of the Limpopo.
    • the State of Monomotapa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo, the gold-fields of current the Zimbabwe, knows one flourishing period thanks to the trade with the Arabs of Sofala. It exchanges gold against products of Perse, of India, Malaysia or China.

Western Africa

  • Foundation of Ife , capital nun of the Yoruba and Edo, by the chief Odoudoua, alafin of Oyo, father of the seven kings who will share the Yoruba country after his death. The religious leader ( oni ) who resides at Ifé crowns the sovereign (the alafin ) who resides at Oyo, the political capital.

    • the kingdoms Yoruba are created under the impulse of emigrants come from north, probably of the area of Nok, as of the 6th century (Bénin and south-west of the current Nigeria).
    • the indigenous elites, appeared as of the 8th century in the centers of Ifé and Igbo-Ukwu, control the exploitation of the forest resources and adulterate with the African intermediaries of the the Sahel and of the Savane S. the increased request for products of prestige by these elites involves the specialization of the craftsmen and the development of novel methods. The method of moulding to lost wax, for bronze and copper, arrives of north with the copper of the the Sahara.

Eastern Africa

  • Originating in the south of the Arabia, the Somali are installed in their current habitat as from the 10th century. They are divided into several tribes: the Iso in the area of Djibouti, the Dir in the north of Harrar in Ethiopia, the Ishak in old the British Somaliland, the Darod in the Ethiopian Ogaden, the east of the Kenya and in the center of the republic of Somalia, the Haouiya, the Dighil and the Rahanouen between the Kenyan border and the wadi Chebelli.

  • Of the Arab merchants is established on the east coast of Africa (Manda and Kiloa). The Manda, then most prosperous of the commercial cities, exports wood of mangrove, iron and ivory in exchange of fine ceramics and other luxury articles.

America

  • v. 930: Civilization Toltèque with the Mexico. Canada in fact part

Central Asia

  • Samarkand reaches 500.000 inhabitants.

  • the Tatars are mentioned on the top Kerülen, in Mongolia.
  • First mention of the town of Lhassa to the Tibet by the Arab sources about the 10th century.

Southeast Asia

  • In India, the Gujerat is controlled by a dynasty Châlukya.
  • the Mons settle into low Burma.
  • At the beginning of the 10th century the sites of the center of Java are given up and it is of Java which develops.

Worsen Moslem

  • final Imposition of the official and single recension of the Coran by the Abbasid caliphate . The official text is established by a specialist in the “readings” of Coran, Ibn Mujahid.

Western Europe

  • Rebirth ottono-clunisienne . The approach of the An millet corresponds to one period of rebirth, which is felt as of the Années 920 - 950:

    • the Ordre of Cluny is founded in 909. It will radiate on most of the Occident.
    • the Abbaye of Gorze spreads a religious reform in Lotharingie under the influence of Jean de Gorze.

  • First contacts with the Civilization arabo-Moslem woman in Spain

    • the Califat of Cordoue is then very flourishing.
    • the monk Gerbert d' Aurillac is sent in Catalogne to learn sciences, in the vicinity of the Califat of Cordoue. It reintroduces the Quadrivium at the school of Rheims, is the friend of the emperor Othon III, preceding the Franco-German friendship, and becomes pope of 999 with 1003 under the name of Sylvestre II. The pope of the An millet was French.

  • During first half of the century, the important presence Byzantine in southernmost Italy is also reflected on Rome where papacy and the aristocracy maintain the close connections with the emperors of the East. During this same period, political recombining under the dynasty capouane of the old seigniories of Capoue and Bénévent poses serious problems with Byzantine hegemony.

  • Starter of an economic evolution in Italy. the population doubles Xe at the 14th century. This growth relates to the population of the cities, still reinforced by a massive movement of rural migration. In the campaigns, the demographic pressure involves the clearings and the allowance of the easily flooded coastal areas (irrigation and drain of the valley of the Po, deforestation and construction of terraces in the undulating areas). The price of the ground increases (it doubles around Milan between the end of Xe and the beginning of the 11th century), like that of the agricultural produce. By the increase in the population, the cities acquire an increasing political importance. The trade develops, so much at the local level (grain, wine, craft industry) that international (luxury items), at the same time as the banking systems and the techniques of credit (commercial capitalism).

  • Revival of the Italian trade. a document of the beginning of the century, the Honorantiae civitatis Papiae , us informs that the merchants and financial of Pavia maintain the relationship with their transalpine counterparts but also with English. The port cities like Amalfi, Salerno or Gaète maintain the remote relations. The trade with the France gives again life with Plaisance and Lucques. Venice, Genoa and Pisa dominates the trade with Byzance and the Raising.

  • Evolution towards the Feudality between the Loire and the Rhine. the ground given in usufruct for life becomes the base of any system of relation. The Fief which confuses honors and benefit now is the cause of the oath of recommendation by which one becomes the man of another man, who takes the name of Hommage. Each one tries to have the most strongholds possible and lends several homages then. The Vassalité multiplied spreads and muddles the relations between lords. Lastly, heredity becomes the rule, stripping the lord with the profit of chalk-lining. Hierarchies are erected scaffolding: in bottom, small vassal the, close ones to the peasants and just able to be equipped with their expenses and to have a horse; then the vassal ones of the count, average owners convened at his court of justice or its Ost; finally the counts, dukes or former marquis who say princes, who kept the royal rights and seek to strengthen their authority. They affirm the faithful ones of the king, but nothing owes him.

  • Two rabbis teach with Mainz at the IXe-10th century, Rabbi Moïse Old the and Rabbi Abun Large the. The son of the first, Rabbi Kalonymus left us a dozen comments on the Law considered as the oldest rabbinical writings of Europe (beginning 10th century).

Significant characters

Political leaders

  • Othon Ier of the Holy roman Empire (912 - 973), emperor of the Romans,

  • Othon III, emperor of Germany.
  • Rollon (° Maer, v. 860 - † v. 933), navigator Viking, signatory of the Treated Saint-Clearly-on-Epte (911), founder of the dynasty of the counts de Rouen, then dukes of Normandy.
  • Abd Al-Rahman III, (888 - 961), Caliph de Cordoue. Apogee of Al Andalus.

Monk

Navigator

Scientists

  • Al-Razi (864 - 930), scientific Iranian,

  • Abu Al-Qasim, Aboulcassis in occident, (Ca 940 - Ca 1013), doctor and surgeon of the Moslem Spain.

Philosopher S and Theologist S

See: Philosophical and theologists of Xe century

Beats-smg: X omžios Be-X-old: 10 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 10. aastagasada Nds-nl: 10th eeuw Simple: 10th century

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