XXe century

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The 20th century begins on January 1st 1901 and finishes on December 31st, 2000. But, from a historical point of view, the historians make begin the 20th century in 1914 (beginning of the First World War). As for determining the end of the century historically, several dates are possible:

These two dates, close relations in time and on the geopolitical level, marked the end of the Cold war, started shortly after the end of the Second world war enters, on a side, the the United States of America and their allies and, other, the USSR and its allies.
  • September 11th 2001: terrorist attacks with the the United States. This date marks the beginning of a new era, that of the Hyperterrorisme.
From a political point of view, the 20th century is characterized in its first half by two world wars (First World War between 1914 and 1918; Second world war between 1939 and 1945) and, starting from this date, by the ideological confrontations between two superpuissances: the the United States and the the USSR, which lead to the dissolution of the the USSR the December 26th 1991.

The competitions between European great powers led to their weakening; in addition, the needs for the Decolonization, in second half of the century, pushed the European countries to mean through the process of the European Construction.

From an economic point of view, the monetary and financial Crises multiplied, worsened by the increase in the Cours of oil and the appearance of the Risque S ecological S. the Sommets of the ground tries to set up a world governorship.

Events

Before 1914

Between 1914 and 1945

Between 1945 and 1970

Between 1970 and 2000

  • Y2K (Bug of the year 2000)

Significant characters

Political men and women

Scientists

Industrial S

Mathematicians and data processing specialists

See:

  • : Category: Data processing specialist
  • famous People in data processing

Some outstanding personalities:

Economist S

Exploring S and Aviator S

See:

  • List of the aces of aviation

Writer S

  • See also: French-speaking Writers of the {{XXe}} century.

Linguist S

Philosopher S

See: Philosophical of the {{S|XX|E}}

Art ists, painter S

See also:

  • French Painters of the {{S|XX|E}}
  • Italian Painters of the {{S|XX|E}}
  • Architects famous of the {{S|XX|E}}

Directors (Theater)

See: List of directors

Cinema

Type-setter S

See also: French Type-setters of the {{S|XX|E}}

Singer S and groups of music

See also:

  • List of singers
  • List of French singers
  • List of French groups

Religious

Inventions, discovered, technological advances

See also:

  • Inventions with the {{S|XX|E}},
  • American Inventions with the {{S|XX|E}}
  • French Inventions with the {{S|XX|E}}

Astrophysical

Physical

Mathematical

Information: electronic, Data-processing, Telecommunication S

  • Telecommunications with the {{S|XX|E}}

  • the development of the Cinema:

    • Talking films,
    • Color;
    • panoramic Rooms, dolby effect,…

  • the Telecommunication S:

    • the Radar S
    • Artificial satellite of Telecommunication S
    • the telephone centres
    • the mobiles

  • the Television:

  • Chains high fidelity and their components

  • Information theory

    • Claude E. Shannon is often regarded as the father of the Information theory: in 1948, it published an article in two parts, has Mathematical Theory off Communications ;
    • This article was taken again in 1949 in the form of book with an addition of Warren Weaver. This work is centered around the problems of the Transmission of the information of a transmitting towards a Récepteur.
    • See the articles Communication and the use of the theories of Ivan Pavlov (traditional conditioning, Dog of Pavlov) in these theories;
    • In these publications, Shannon popularized the use of the word Bit to represent the basic element of a source of numerical information.

  • applications of the information theory:

Sciences of the alive one

  • the discovery of DNA; Genetic.

  • the development of the modern ecology

Geology

  • the Plate tectonics .

Transport S

  • In Aviation, the Frères Wright make the first flights approved after Clément Ader;

  • industries Aeronautical S;
  • industries Aerospace S.

Art and Culture

Painting

Music and Dance

  • Jazz

  • Ballet of the {{S|XX|E}}
  • Harpsichordists of the {{S|XX|E}}
  • Serial music
  • Rock'n'roll

Literature

  • See: Literature of the {{S|XX|E}}

  • Appearance of the Cartoon, for many people

Cinema

  • the Accord Blum-Byrnes (1946) authorizes the diffusion of American films in the French cinemas.

Religion

With the Conference of Seelisberg, in 1947, representatives of the confessions Jewish, Protestant and catholic examine the causes of the Antisémitisme. The historian Jules Isaac takes part in it.

Concile Vatican II, opened by the Pope Jean XXIII in 1962, and closes by the Pape Paul VI in 1965.

  • Paul VI proclaims the principle of the collegial structure between the bishop S and the Pape, this last continuing to profit from a jurisdictional superiority.
  • In its constitution Gaudium and Spes, the Église recognizes its errors passed, preaches a Economic development with the service of the Homme, condemns the war and preaches a universal Fraternité; it reaffirms its attachment with the Sainteté Mariage and family, like with the Property right.
  • the Église turns to the others Religion S, recognizes that it is not the only one to hold the Vérité, asserts the Religious liberty for all, denounces the Antisémitisme and innocent the Juif S, taken collectively, of died of the Christ. The Dialog inter-monk is the subject of the declaration Nostra Ætate of Paul VI on October 28th 1965.
  • the Liturgie is modified, in particular the mention of " pro perfidis judaeis " (for the Jewish S perfidious) in the liturgy of the Good Friday is removed; the Latin is abandoned; the priest will say the Messe in vernacular Language, vis-a-vis crowd.
  • the ecclesiastics are allowed with the retirement at 75 years. The Curie is reformed; the chancery of State plays a part there dominating. The Holy Office is replaced by a Congrégation for the doctrines of the faith and the index is removed.

In 1978, Karol Wojtyla, are elected Pape under the name of Jean-Paul II. It is the first Pape not Italian since 1522, and the first pope Polish. During its pontificate, the longer third of the history of Christendom, it goes on very many journeys, visiting 129 countries. It is considered that its action contributed to peacefully bar the road with many Idéologie S, of which especially the Communisme in its native land. It is interested closely in the relations with the Science (updated of the position of the Église on Galileo, Encyclique Fides and ratio), it launches the World Journées of Youth, publishes new a Catéchisme in 1992 and intensifies the interreligieux Dialog. He is sorry for the errors made by the Église in the Histoire, through the Repentance S of 1998 and of the An 2000.

Bibliography on the History of the 20th century

  • Age off Extreme ( the Age of the extremes ) is a work of the historian Eric Hobsbawm.

  • Twentieth Century. Re-examined history is a review of political and cultural history created in 1984.

Beats-smg: XX omžios Be-X-old: 20 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 20. aastagasada Nds-nl: 20th ieuw Simple: 20th century Zh-min-nan: 20 -kí Zh-yue: 20 世紀

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