XVe century

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Years 1400 | Years 1410 | Years 1420 | Years 1430 | Years 1440
Years 1450 | Years 1460 | Years 1470 | Years 1480 | Years 1490

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The 15th century begins on January 1st, 1401 and finishes the December 31st 1500. the historians locate his end in 1492, with the discovery of the America by Christophe Colomb

Events

It is one century hinge between the Moyen-âge and the Renaissance.

Americas

The Antilles

First contacts of Europeans with the Americans (except Leif Ericsson at the 10th century): the first three voyages of Christophe Colomb.

Mexico

One finds there the Toltèques, the Zapotèques, the Mixtèques and the Aztèques.

Yucatan

The Empire Maya - Toltèques finishes in 1500.

Peru - Bolivia

The Empire INCA is with its apogee.

Africa

Western Africa

  • the Mali, controlled by sovereigns without scale, is threatened by the Songhaï, the Toucouleur, the Bambara, the Mossi and the Touaregs. He asks in vain of the assistance the Portugal but is soon tiny room to his country of origin, the Top Niger.

  • At the beginning of the century, sovereign the haoussa of Kano, Amina, extends its authority on the cities close to Kouararafa and Noupé, but it must declare vassal Bornou.

  • Civilization of Oyo (south-western of current the Nigeria), which was subject to the influence of Ife, as the scarifications traced on the face testify some to the sovereigns. This city is annexed to the 15th century by the Royaume of Benign the.

  • Manufacture of bronze heads in the Kingdom of Benign the (Nigeria). They represent Obas (kings), courtiers, chiefs of tribes, hunters, merchants and even of the Portuguese soldiers.

central Africa

  • the tribe Songye is installed on the top Lualaba (Fleuve Congo) and subjects the autochtones. This fusion is at the origin of the people and the kingdom luba.

  • According to an oral tradition, a named woman Ngounou would have had four wire: Kongo, Vili (Loango), Woyo (Ngoyo) and Tyo (Ingobella). They would have based kingdoms on Right Bank of the Congo.

    • the Loango, limited to north by the Equatorial forest and the west by the Atlantic , is consisted a confederation of tribes and control at the beginning of the 15th century the Neighboring states of Kakongo and Ngoyo. On arrival of the Portuguese in 1482, its authority is not recognized any more by the majority of the vassal tribes and a few years later, Loango is tributary of the Kongo.
    • the Ingobella, kingdom of Tyo (still called Téké or Anzike), is limited to the east and the south by the Congo river, the west by Loango and north by the forest. Its people, which will play probably a big role in the draft, will carry severe blows to the kingdom of Congo at the 16th century.

Eastern Africa

  • Apogee of the Arab counter of Zanjéba (Zanzibar).
  • Creation of the kingdoms of the Darfur and the Kordofan in Eastern Sudan following the Berber emigration .
    • Until the 15th century, a dynasty dadjo reign on Darfur, heir to the kingdom of Méroé, then it is replaced by a dynasty Toundjour.
    • In the east, Kordofan is also occupied by Toundjour, but its role is much unobtrusive. Toundjour cannot resist the offensive of Islam and are subjected by Moslem Nouba.
    • the Ouadaï (Chad) is subjected to the dynasty animist Toundjour come from the Darfur.

  • Of the Nilotes penetrates in the east of the Lac Albert and gives the Bito dynasty to the kingdom of Kitouara.

  • the Bounyoro, founded at the 14th century by the dynasty of Bito, recovers with its apogee according to the tradition the whole of the zone interlacustre, overflowing even on the Ethiopia, the countries Kenya NS, the Tanganyika and the Ruanda (14th-16th century).
  • Relation between Ethiopia NS and Jerusalem which makes it possible Ethiopian Christianity to contact the Occident (council of Florence, 1438 - 1445).
    • At the end of 14th and the beginning of the 15th century, Ethiopian monks essaiment on the road which, by the Nubie, goes until the Cairo and with the Holy Lieux. One finds their traces with Dongola, undoubtedly attend the churches of Nubie. One finds them with the large convents of Sohag, and they have a community with the Egyptian convent of El-Moharrak. They maintain the priories in Cairo, in the Christian quarters of Harat-Zoueïlah and with the convents of the Ouadi-Natroun (painting). They have a house with the monastery of Saint-Anthony, in the desert of Qolzoum. They are in Jerusalem, until Cyprus, in Arménie and even with Rome.

Southern Africa

  • Of the people of the group Western Bantou, come from North, is established in the west of the Drakensberg, between the rivers Limpopo and Orange (Sotho, Tchouna).

Asia

  • government secular is restored with Tibet during short period with 15th century, while Buddhism Tibetan profits from a new rise thanks to energetic measurements of the reforming monk Tsong-kha-Pa (1357 - 1419), which founds the religious order of Dge-lugs-Pa, more known under the name of the sect of the yellow Bonnets.

  • the Islam takes foot at the beginning of the century in the west of Java, in the area of Bantam and in the east, in the area of Surabaya. The social organization and policy of the local principalities remain intact, but Islam makes disappear the system from the castes to the profit of the design of the equality of the men in front of God. The hindouism moves back and ends up finding refuge with Bali.

  • Since 1400, Islam reached Kalimantan, then the islands Sulu in the South of the Filipino and the Moluques at the end of the century.

China

Reign of the Dynastie Ming of 1368 with 1644 Ming is at that time the first world exporters, it is a very important projection which will influence our modern technologies

Europe

  • artistic Rebirth in Italy: Quattrocento (see also Rebirth in Italy);

  • Taken of Constantinople by the Othomans, falls of the Byzantine Empire (1453);
  • Epopee of Jeanne d' Arc and crowns Charles VII (1429-1431)
  • Fin of the Guerre One hundred Year old, in 1453, final end in 1477 by the catch of Nancy;
  • War of the Two-Pinks (1455 - 1485);
  • Creation by Jehan Lagadeuc of a trilingual dictionary Breton-French-Latin called Catholicon (1464). It is at the same time the first dictionary of Breton and the first French dictionary in the world;
  • Installation of the Spanish Enquiry (1482);
  • the Large fire of Bourges, still called Large fire of the Madeleine , in 1487, destroyed one the third of the city and mark the beginning of the decline of the capital of the Berry.
  • Taken Grenade, and end of the Spanish Reconquista 1492;
  • Union of Kalmar between the Denmark, the Norway and the Sweden.
  • Conflit enters Europeans and Turkish, for examples the Guerres Moldavo-Othomans

Significant characters

Politicians

Philosopher S and humanistic

See: Philosophical and humanistic of the {{S|XV|E}}

Writer S

major Figures

See also

  • French Writers born with the {{S|XV|E}}
  • Italian Writers born with the {{S|XV|E}}

Musician

Architect S

See: famous Architects

Inventors, scientists

Painter S

major Figures

See also

  • Italian Painters of the {{S|XV|E}}
  • French Painters of the {{S|XV|E}}

Exploring S

Monk

Soldiers

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Information technologies

  • Beginning of the Printing works in Occident (China, 11th century), improvements by the German printer Johannes Gutenberg (1453) which consist in fact in:

    • typographical Press,
    • Invention of the mobile characters lead alloy (the Chinese knew already the mobile characters),
    • As well as inks adhering to metal.

  • In France, creation of the Royal Post office by Louis XI (1464).

Geography and Cartography

  • cartographic Improvements following the Exploration S around Africa by the Portuguese, and of the first explorations towards the west:

Techniques of navigation

  • Appearance of the three-masted ship:

  • Introduction of the Sextant in Europe (invented in India)

  • Generalization of the use of the magnetic compass in occident.
  • Appearance of the lock (about 1480).

Explorations

  • Beginning of the Great discoveries with the first Portuguese colony in North Africa (1415)

  • Explorations Chinese towards India and Africa at the same time.
  • Avancées Portuguese navigators around the African continent
  • Christophe Colomb discovers a new continent, which will be called America by the Vosgean Gymnase in 1507.

See also:

  • Explorations with the {{S|XV|E}}

Techniques with the service of art

  • Invention of the Perspective in painting (Masaccio),

  • Invention of the oil-base paint,
  • Appearance of the word clavicembalum in 1404 (Harpsichord, clavicembalo in Italian),
  • Development of the technique of the Cupola in architecture (dome of Florence),
  • Invention of the Engraving to the graver and the Engraving to the etching.

Other techniques

  • the connecting rod-crank Couple, undoubtedly most important technical Innovation of the 14th century, is spread,

  • mobile Avant-train, making it possible the vehicles to easily operate.
  • Invention of the Crankshaft.

Art & culture

Europe

  • Development of the Rebirth in Europe, with variable degrees according to the geographical areas (France is late),

  • Poursuite of the artistic Renaissance in Italy: Quattrocento).

  • the Guerre One hundred Year old delays the process in France until towards 1453,1477 final end of the hostilities (France is still affected by the Guerre One hundred Year old, which did not finish that with the Bataille of Nancy in 1477)

India

  • Life in India of the poet Kabîr, Moslem Tisserand without instruction which celebrates a god common to the Moslems and the Hindus.

Economy and company

Africa

  • the exploitation of new gold bearing valleys in Akan (Coast of Gold) involves a realignment of the shopping streets to the detriment of the Mali. New trade route is established in direction of the lake Chad, in the Eastern Sahara. Of 1400 with 1750, Bégho becomes a city-market centralizing the production of gold and trading with Djenné.

Asia

  • the appearance of the Islam, brought by merchants, coincides with a rise of the trade in Indonesia (pepper, clove).
  • the Chinese apply a powerful brake at the international business, person in charge of the weakening of their money supply by the escape from metal. The Japan, which uses the continental currency, enters one deflationary era, at the moment when a new class of parvenus emerges, the utokunin . They form an urban middle-class providing to the elites the products Chinese and Mongolian industries. The development of the cash economy leads on the other hand to impoverishment and debt of the farmers, who revolt as becomes to it unbearable.

Europe

The Baltic

  • According to certain estimates, the Hanseatic fleet would count a thousand of ships, representing a transport capacity of thirty thousand lasts (a lasts is worth a ton roughly), including ten for navigation in Baltique, as much for transport towards the Netherlands, two for the relations with the Norway and the Iceland and eight for the fleet of the North Sea.

England

  • Rise of textile industry (wool) in England.
  • usual tenure moves back and the tenant farming spreads in England.

Austria

  • a rural proletariat develops in Austria on the basis of “precarious” conceded by an annual lease of the lord. The drudgeries increase, under the pretext of the invasions hussites and Othomans. Country risings burst.
  • the vine growers profit from a hereditary right and pay their wine and silver contributions. The wine goes up the Danube towards Germany of the South (100  000 hl). Salt and cloths go down towards Vienna and Hungary. Italy receives salt and cloths, and sends cotton fabrics and silk. The exchanges are regulated in guilder of Hungarian gold, the currency Viennese, the pfennig having undergoes a strong devaluation.
  • mining makes real great strides. The salt mines are reorganized by the Habsbourg which subject the Salzkammergut to a particular administration. The metallurgy develops in Styrie ( Erzberg ) by the use of the hydraulic force. The lead of Bleiberg, close to Villach, copper and gold, the money of Styrie, Carinthie and the Tyrol are largely extracted.

Principal births

Principal deaths

See too

  • Literature of the {{S|XV|E}}


External bonds

  • 1480 : the St-Sebastien d' Andrea Mantegna. Analyzes video work and position in the history (site of the Educational Channel to the Request)

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Beats-smg: XV omžios Be-X-old: 15 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 15. aastagasada Nds-nl: 15th eeuw Simple: 15th century Zh-yue: 15 世紀

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