XVIIe front century J. - C.

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Events

Europe

In Europe and in the basin the Mediterranean N, it is the Bronze Age (of approximately -1700 with -800).
From -1700, civilizations are different starting from the mountainous territories: Transylvania, Slovenské rudohorie in Slovakia, alpine zone of the Schist (Salzburg, the Tyrol), Central Germany, Spain, England and Ireland. These wide civilizations show companies strongly hierarchical according to the functions assumed in agriculture, the breeding, the craft industry, the trade and industry. The Ambre of the Jutland plays a part of near-money between these civilizations. Shopping streets lead the Danube to the Saale, the Main and the Elba towards the Jutland.
Le direction of the expansion goes from the south to north, the trade follows.

average Bronze III in Greece (fine in -1600).
Invasions of the Achaens which assimilate the local civilization of continental Greece, of the Cyclades and of Crete. The Achaens reduce the populations autochtones to slavery.
Mégare, quoted founded by the Cariens and Lélèges, is invaded by Crétois.
In Crete, destruction of the palate-city of Cnossos, then rebuilding and partial redestruction towards -1650.
Dynasty of the Minos to Cnossos (fine in -1400).
Time of the second Palates Crétois (-1700 with -1450). The capacity is centralized. The bureaucracy improves. Large residences appear in the secondary agglomerations, sits of the local administrative capacity. The company is treated on a hierarchical basis and a Minoan “nobility” appears. Birth of a thalassocratie crétoise, rather commercial and cultural that political and defensive, on the Aegean Islands.

India

In India appears the company of the Caste S and the accounts of the Veda.

Culture of Pirak, to 20 km of Mehrgarh (- 1700, -700). It is a prosperous agricultural agglomeration with imposing raw brick architectures covering nearly ten hectares. It presents a mixture of resurgences préharappéennes, characters harappéens and features completely new (statuettes of riders, horses and camels with two bumps).

Installation at Pirak of a process of double annual harvests. The barley and the corn (cereals of winter), are supplemented by the culture of rice, millet and sorghum (cereals of summer).

China

Beginnings of the Dynasty Shang (fine in -1050).

the capital is transferred to Ao, meadows of Zhengzhou (Henan) where one found the city surrounded by walls. The company, hierarchical is composed of an aristocracy living in strengthened palates, extra-muros craftsmen living and of peasants semi-sedentaries.
Zhengzhou includes/understands a vast enclosed space of 320 ha surrounded by a network of residences and workshops (foundry of bronze, ceramics, work of the bone). The crushed ground rampart is 7 km length and is preserved by places on a height of 9 Mr.
During centuries preceding the installation by the capital at Anyang (-1400), Shang would have changed seven times of capital, in the north and the North-East of Henan. Archeology confirms this tradition partly: the sites of Zhengzhou and that of Yanshi, to the east of Luyang, correspond to those of former capitals at the time of Anyang. Did the study of the inscriptions divinatoires on bone and scales of tortoise make it possible to reconstitute the list of thirty kings Shang, and this list is almost identical to that which the historian Sima Qian (- 135? -93?) collected of an already thousand-year-old tradition. With the first thirteen sovereigns, the normal succession is of older brother with younger brother, the son succeeding the father only in an exceptional way. With the last four kings, the succession of father with wire becomes the rule and this rule will be maintained at the posterior times.

The close East

Burials with tank of the Caucasus (cemetery of Lkhashen, in Arménie).
the Semitic tribes (whose Israel) progresses towards the West (Canaan, - XVIIe, - XVIe centuries).

Mesopotamy

the kingdom of Babylon dismembered, the successors of Hammourabi, to compensate for their losses in rent of tenant farming and incomes tax, try to intensify the agricultural production in a restricted territory. To replace the benefit of a decreased foreign trade, the merchants are made banking. They offer to the small farmers loans of equipment of report/ratio and agree of the loans of need to poorest. Thousands of families are involved in debt forever. The private creditors grow rich and threaten the authority of the State. The abandonment of the fallow involves the exhaustion and the salification of the grounds. Babylonia passes in one century (- 1700, -1600) of political disintegration to the worsened economic disorder of an ecological disaster.
Deceleration of the activity, even at certain moments stop of the relations, with the Persian Gulf. Even if the exchanges increase then with the septentrional areas, it does not remain about it less than the function of hyphen which Mésopotamie represented is not dominant any more.

Significant characters

Hattousil
Moursil Ier
Jacob and Esaü

Art and cultures

Of the figurines of terra cotta, perhaps of créto-mycénienne influence representing goddesses with the drag cup skirts decorated with geometrical decorations or tanks walking of the divinities (tank of the sun) is discovered in the Danubian surface (- 1700, -1000). One of them is decorated with Svastika S, symbol typically Indo-European.

Culture of Unetice (bronzes old primitive) in Germany central, Bohemia, low Austria. Famous princely tombs of Central Germany (Leubingen). Extremely wide commercial relations.
Rebuilding of the palate of Cnossos on three or four stages: frescos representing of the sanctuary, bullfights (legend of the Minotaure) dedicated to the worship of the goddess mother, representation of axes with double edge, sculptures, object out of metal.
the goddess with the snakes, Minoan statuette (Cnossos).
Beginning of the construction of the Nuraghe S in Corsica Sardinia and , after 1660.
Age of the tombs tumulus or Cairn (average Bronze). Field limited by the Meuse, the the Seine, the the Alps, the Oder, the Lower Saxony. Burial of died of the dominant class under tumulus, with funerary Additional (weapons and jewels). Economic base: the breeding.

Inventions, Discoveries, Introductions

Europe

Disc of Phaistos (Crete), very important in the history of the writing.
Système complexes weights and measures in Crete.

The close East

Almanac of the farmer, text describing husbandries in old Mésopotamie. Older known culinary collection.
Armours of bronze used in the Middle East.

China

Cast iron of bronze using charcoal and clay moulds for the production of weapons and ceremonial objects.
Work of jade and silk. Copper mines of Tonglushan.

Use of agriculture (millet, sorghum, barley, wheat, hemp with edible seed) with stone tools, of wood and bone (stone hoe, digs of wood with two teeth, knife of schist or shell of oval form or in of half-moon). Breeding of the pig, the dog and hen. Fresh water fishing, hunting for small game, the gathering of grasses and the wild fruits provides an important supplement to the country food.

If the techniques of the farmers of the Shang time hardly differ from those of the Neolithic period, the vicinity of the city-palate entirely modified their living conditions: they are under protection religious and military of the walled city and the social conditions confine and specialize the farming community in the culture and the breeding. The products of its activity have their employment in the sacrifices of the noble class: edible cereals, alcohols, pigs and dogs.

Development of a Calendar lunar (month) and solar (years), writing (logogrammes on bone divinatoires or carapace of tortoise). Religion polytheist. Practical of human sacrifices in mass (to a thousand of victims) and animals (dogs, horses, monkeys, deer tribe, sometimes rhinoceros and elephants) during the burial of the kings of the Dynasty Shang but also during other ritual. More current are the offerings of food and cereal wine.

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