XIXe century

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See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 1801 and finishes the December 31st 1900. For the Europe, the historians generally make begin the 19th century in 1815 (fine of the Empire Napoléonien and Congrès of Vienna) and make it finish in 1914 (beginning of the First World War).

Events

Three main tendencies marked this century

This century knew a demographic explosion; one speaks about demographic revolution.

Europe

One can say that the century is the century of Europe.

  • After the wars of the French revolution 1792 - 1799, then the wars of the Napoleonean epopee 1799 - 1815, the Europe knew many other wars which drew its new geopolitical chart, with:

    • the collapse of the old empires Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Othoman Austro-Hungarian and .
    • the emergence of the new empires British, French and German.
    • the construction of the Italian Unit and release of the provinces ic Balkan.
    • the emergence of national consciences and very powerful patriotic feelings.

  • It is also for Europe, the century of the second Industrial revolution, which will upset the European landscape, and to bring immense richnesses, but also:

    • to break the old social structures, built around the farming community, of the Churches and the nobility,
    • to support the emergence of a very important proletarian class, which will be worked by all the theorists Socialiste S and all the revolutionists,
    • to support the emergence of a very powerful Bourgeoisie of industry and trade, which will end up imposing its values.
  • It is also for Europe, the century when, from the power of its industry and its trade, from the faith of its missionaries, the dynamism of its explorers and its adventurers, and especially from the force of its armies, its merchant marine and her drain-holes, it will start the Colonisation of Africa and Asia, and will export throughout the world its values and its civilization.

  • It is also for Europe, the century when its intellectual elites will transform it, in an immense cauldron, in which all the ideas all and will bubble the Art S. Its scientists, its artists, its intellectuals, will carry technological research, the scientific research, artistic research, the research of the ideas, on a level ever reached before.

Africa

  • Reactions of a true army Zarma against the Peul, in the middle of the century under the control of Iso Korombe. The victory over Peuls will put an end to the invasions Djihadiste of Sokoto in the Zarmatarey.
For Africa, the century is the century of the European Colonisation, the tender and the end of the old geopolitical structures. Europe deeply will upset this continent.

See the Africa with the {{mini XIXe}} century.

Asia

As for the Africa, the century is the century of European colonization, but with the difference close the old geopolitical structures will resist and remain in the large majority of the cases. The European colonizers in general will prefer to preserve them and try, while controlling them, to be made allies of them.

Latin America

With the weakening and the withdrawal of Spain and Portugal of the European scene as major nations, the tercentenary bonds that they had with their American colonies, also break the ones after the others, and from many new countries will make their appearance on the international scene, throughout this century.

Mexico

North America

In spite of a hard construction, and starting from the 13 small States of the east coast, the the United States little by little will appear on the international scene. The American century will be marked by:

  • the acquisition of the immense territories of the Louisiana, sold by the France (1/4 of the current American territory).
  • the American Civil War and its hundreds of thousands of deaths.
  • wars of conquest of the Indian and Mexican territories in the north of the Río Large.
  • the reception of a very important population of immigration coming from all Europe and even of Asia, lends to be invested, with all its dynamism and all its capacities in this new country, where all seems possible.
  • the increase in an important population of slaves coming from Africa: it is the continuation of the Traite blacks in spite of its official abolition in 1807.
  • the discovery on the American ground of immense mining resources (the Gold rush), natural, and agricultural, and their introduction.
The United States will approach the 20th century completely transfigured, compared to what they were in 1800. They are certainly not yet, and by far, most powerful of the countries, but it is that which has the potential of the highest development.

Significant characters

Politicians

Writer S

See:

  • French Writers born with the {{S|XIX|E}}
  • Italian Writers born with the {{S|XIX|E}}

Architect S

  • See also: Architects of the {{S|XIX|E}}

Painters

Sculptor

Musician S

Type-setters of the romantic period

Leaders of the {{S|XIX|E}}

Of which in particular:

German Type-setters

Italian Type-setters

French Type-setters

  • Hector Berlioz; Georges Bizet
See also: French Type-setters of the {{S|XIX|E}}

Spanish Type-setter

  • Isaac Albeniz

Polish, Hungarian, Czech Type-setters

Scientists

Humane

Exploring S

  • Alexandre de Humboldt carries out forwardings in South America in 1799 - 1804.

Economist

Philosopher S

See: Philosophical of the {{S|XIX|E}}

Doctor, psychologist

Art and Culture

Literature

  • French Literature of the {{S|XIX|E}}

Architecture

Music

  • romantic Period,

  • the Instrumental music takes more place compared to the vocal Musique, it is freer and leaves conventions: walk of Davidsbûndler against the Philistines (Robert Schumann).
  • an instrument takes a very important place in musical works, and is used by the type-setters like an instrument soloist with or without orchestra: the piano (Chopin, Busoni, Liszt…)
  • large-sized units development: Symphony orchestras (Berlioz)
  • the concerts or recitals develops; they are generally addressed to a middle-class public going in concert halls; the instrumentalists seek to develop virtuosity (Liszt, Paganini)
  • the Chamber music develops: French Chamber music of the {{S|XIX|E}}
  • Op3era Comique in second half of the century.

Painting

Inventions, discovered, introductions

See:

  • Inventions with the {{S|XIX|E}},
  • American Inventions with the {{S|XIX|E}}
  • French Inventions with the {{S|XIX|E}}

Physical

Technical S (except information)

The applications of the electricity resulted in many technical developments:

Also:

Technologies of diffusion of Information

See: Técommunications with the {{S|XIX|E}}

  • the electric Telegraph :

    • In 1832 Samuel Morse took as a starting point the work of its predecessors to invent a simple and robust system.
    • In 1838, the electric first Télégraphe was built by Wheatstone, and functioned between London and Birmingham.
    • telegraphic Cable between England and transatlantic France
    • Câble (date to be checked)
    • It was among the first systems of Télécommunication S.

  • the invention of the Téléphone is allotted to Alexandre Graham Bell (1876).

  • the Microphonous :

    • First microphone invented by Emile Berliner (1877),
    • Invention of the first microphone really usable by Alexander Graham Beautiful,

  • the Transmission by radio , called improperly " télégraphie" without wire (Marconi);

Transport S

  • the Railroad

  • the Automobile

  • the first Airplane S or Plane S (terminology to be discussed)

    • Clement Ader, precursor of the Aviation, produced 3 apparatuses: Éole (the Plane), the Zephyr (Plane II) and the North wind (Plane III) between 1890 and 1897.
    • Its first flight on 50 meters to 20 cm of the ground would have taken place on October 9th 1890 in the park of the castle of Gretz-Armainvilliers in the east of Paris, with the orders of Éole.

Life sciences

Music

Exploration S

  • Explorations with the {{S|XIX|E}}

Economy and company

  • Generalization with most of continental Europe and in the United States of the Industrial revolution.

  • Development of the Railroads.
  • Raised by the Catholic church of the prohibition of the loan with Interest
  • Development of the Credit in second half of the century.

See too

TO ACT XIX Friendly of the International Groups of Reconstitution of the {{S|XIX|E}} ----

Beats-smg: XIX omžios Be-X-old: 19 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 19. aastagasada Nds-nl: 19th eeuw Ru-sib: 19-остолетте Simple: 19th century Zh-min-nan: 19 -kí

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