XIIe front century J. - C.

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Events

Towards 1150 av. J. - C., of the communities are established along Tierras Calientes (hot grounds) of the Gulf of Mexico. San Lorenzo, first of the cities Olmèques is founded (- 1200/-900).

Period of the old Horizon to the Peru (fine in -200).
Civilization Chavín in the north of the Peru (- 1200/-200). Objects of ceramics, wood, stone, money and gold, fabrics preserved well, embroidered and painted.

Appearance on the cave paintings of the the Sahara of horses harnessed with tanks with two wheels and conduits by warriors armed with javelins and shields. They indicate contacts between the the Mediterranean and sub-Saharan Africa.

Time of Karasuk (- 1200/-700).
Proto-Turkish on the Top Ienisseï (basin of Minoussinsk).
the industry of the Bronze becomes very elaborate: knives, axes and points of lances of the culture of Karasuk are produced and are exchanged until in the China of the Dynastie Shang.

Destruction of the culture of Harappa, corresponding on arrival of the Aryan , Indo-European riders armed with Iron and come from Iran. Their progression is facilitated by their rapids tanks drawn by horses, their arcs, lances, hatchets, armours and helmets. They introduce the vedic language and one owes them the drafting of the Veda.

Time of confusion to the Close East (- 1200/-900). Invasion of the People of the Sea. Collapse of the empire hittite. Resistance of Egypt under Ramsès III, then fold.

According to the Bible, it is at that time that the Hebrew would have started to occupy the interior of the excluded Palestine Ourousalim (Jerusalem).
1175 av. J. - C.: The Philistine or People of the sea , originating in the Aegean Sea, together in badly known people of Mediterranean origin, are established on the coastal area of Gaza. They will give their name to the Palestine.

Between -1200 and -1000, of the people of Indo-European language penetrate in Iran in two successive waves: Madai (Mèdes) and Parsua (Persian) enter by the the Caucasus and are fixed around the Lake Urmiah. Parthava (Parthes) and Hairawa follow Eastern banks of the Caspienne, enter in Iran by the North-East and are spread gradually with the Turkestan, in Afghanistan and with the Baloutchistan.

Persian and Mèdes belong to the satem group (they use this word to indicate number 100). It was believed a long time that Mèdes had just arrived of north, in company of Persians, while crossing the Caucasus. But recent research makes think that they were already installed as of thousand-year-old IIIe in the area of Tureng Tépé, in the south of the Caspian Sea, where they would have developed an urban civilization. For unknown reasons, they would undoubtedly have given up this habitat towards -1700 to move on the Iranian plate throughout all thousand-year-old second. At the beginning of thousand-year-old Ier, one finds them between the septentrional Kurdistan and the area of Ecbatane where they are partly sédentarisés.

Anatolia: development of the Iron
Decline of Cyprus where the Greek language is established -1200 with -1050.
Disappearance of the system palatial in Greece. Disorders are noted in Iolkos, Korakou, Mycènes, Tirynthe then Lefkandi in Eubée and Teikhos Dymaion close to Patras.
the Aegean ones are not present any more in Sicily.
Beginning of a general movement towards the West of cultural influences come from Germany of the South, Austria and Bohemia, hearths of the Celtic world.

With Final Bronze, the Civilization Protocelte of the “fields of ballot boxes” extends gradually as far as Spain. The swords with massive handles of Tumulus are replaced by prolonged narrow rapières of a strip on which plates of bone or wood are fixed by rivets. The pins decorate sometimes miniature vase or heads of poppy, ceramics and the ornaments are renewed. The oppida develop. The metal extraction increases and the objects of bronze are democratized. On the Atlantic and Adriatic littoral traces of extraction and trade of salt appear.

Italy: Transitional period enters the Bronze Age and the age of iron known as subapenninic or protovillanovienne (- 1200/-1000). One finds in all the peninsula of the necropoles where are buried the remainders of late incinerated in terra cotta ballot boxes (age of the fields of ballot boxes). This transformation of the mode of burial is probably explained by migrations internal in Italy or external, coming from North and of the East. At the same time, human groups arrive from Egée. Contacts are established with Mycènes in Southern Italy, in the Latium and in Etrurie.

Occupation of the insular village of Wasserburg on the lake of Federsee (Germany of the south). Initially constituted of 40 houses with parts single (), surrounded by a palisade of more than: 15000 piles. The site, abandoned following the rise of water of the lake, is re-occupied towards -1000. New tripartite houses are built there in logs, with external walls in pissed, and a palisade is rebuilt. The village will be destroyed by fire and will be given up towards -800.

the cities Olmèques are controlled by an oligarchy élitaire able to organize teams of workers intended for the construction of the temples, palates and pyramids.
the Maïs represents the essence of the food of Olmèques. The fish and the dog provide the greatest part of proteins. The stag and the wild pig are consumed occasionally, just as the human flesh.

In continental Greece, return to the agricultural life and decline of the leading classes due to the economic crisis (the productions were very specialized, the exchanges rarefy with the markets Egyptiens and Eastern). The ruined lords mycéniens are can be transformed into pirates in the Cyclades.

India: the economy Aryen is not mixed, pastoral and agricultural. The cattle plays a big role, and constitutes a value, even means of payment. The horse is used with fine soldiers (tank with two wheels). Goats and sheep provide wool. The mentions concerning agriculture are rare and this activity seems to be regarded as plebeian.

Temples and sculptures of Chavín (low-reliefs, heads in round bump) of the Andes de Cajamarca and the northern coast of Peru.
civilizations Olmèques control the hiéroglyphes and have a form of 260 day old calendar. The olmèques ones practice a ritual play of ball.

In India, the stone and the brick cease being employed in architecture with the profit of wood.

the people of Europe which practiced the burial in tumulus adopt either by acculturation, or by the invasion of is in west of foreign people, the incineration and the collection of ashes in funeral urns buried in cemeteries which can count until: 10000 tombs.

In Western Europe, the founders, more particularly those of the Palafitte S arrive at the apogee of their art: swords, axe with casing or ailerons, helmets, armours, shield, leggings, create new tools: gouges, scissors, cutters, scrapers, gravers, gravers, hammers, anvils, razors, knives, sickles…

Metallurgy: discovered work of the iron, which spreads about eighth century BC (age of iron)

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