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Years 1100 | Years 1110 | Years 1120 | Years 1130 | Years 1140
Years 1150 | Years 1160 | Years 1170 | Years 1180 | Years 1190

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The 12th century begins on January 1st 1101 and finishes the December 31st 1200.

Events

America

  • the Civilization of Thulé (1100 - 1600) in Arctic America (hunters of whales) is spread towards the east, dominating the zone of the Greenland to the Eastern Siberia. The modern Inuits are the heirs to this culture.
    • special Equipment of fishing to the non-skid Whale with probes with snow and devices. Sedentary lifestyle, drives out with the marine mammals, primarily the whale.

Africa

  • After fights between the clans Taraoré and Konalé, a chief Mandingue of the clan Keita founds the Moslem kingdom of the Mali and establishes its capital with Dyeriba on the Niger at the end of the century.

  • the Bambara settle in the area of Ségou. They are subjected by their neighbors of the Mali then Songhaï until the 17th century.

  • Civilization of Ifé in the south-west of current the Nigeria (12th-15th century), remarkable by its heads carved out of bronze and terra cotta which represent the oni (chiefs).

  • On the coast of the Zandj (Tanzania), Kiloa takes preeminence on the other Arab cities or Persians until the 14th century.

  • the Arabs of Sofala, subjected by Kiloa, are in relation to the kingdom of Makaranga (Monomotapa) to the Zimbabwe. They buy gold, ivory and slaves to them.

  • the tribe of the Blessed Saad, originating in Arabia, is established with the Morocco about the 12th century.

Asia

  • Polonnaruwa replaces Anuradhapura like capital of Ceylon.
  • With the Japan, the War of Gempei mark end of the era Heian and the beginning of the Period Kamakura.

  • Mongolia: As from the 11th century, the first embryos of Mongolian States appeared, like that of the Mongolian Khamag in the basins of the Onon and the Kerulen. During the 12th century, according to the legend, Kaïdou would have been the first Mongolian chief of tribe to want to create a powerful State. It fixes several of the close tribes. Its great-grandson, Kabul, which would have carried the title of Khan or khagan, will be the first to defy the dynasty Djürchet. Initially vassal of the Jin, it will go to the court of Beijing, then will enter in conflict with them (1135).

  • Left at the 12th century to Central Asia, the Spanish explorer Benjamin de Tudèle is the first Westerner to mention the Tibet whose forests shelter this animal which provides the Musc .

  • At the beginning of the century, in Korea, the stability of the Koryŏ is called into question. Powerful aristocratic families fight against the throne to control the area while the Manchu dynasty Jin exerts an external pressure, causing reactions divided on behalf of a capacity become dubious.

Oceania & the Pacific

  • New Zealand:

    • Rich antiquated burials maori S of the site of Wairau Bar, in the north of the Southern island. They testify to a hierarchical company with hereditary transmission (“water bottles” made with egg shells of moa, collars of ossicles carved in teeth of whale, teeth of shark, polished stone adzes, hooks and harpoons in bone, etc).
    • System of limits of fields and pits to preserve sweet potatoes found in the Northern island (v. 1100).

The Middle East

  • At the beginning of the century, David III drives out the Turks and restores the kingdom of Georgia.

Europe

  • 48 million inhabitants in Europe. The favorable climatic conditions involve the formation of new agglomerations and the clearings. The population increases. One builds Cathédrale S.

  • Of 1120 with 1190 approximately, develops a great period of discovered Arab science (arithmetic, algebra, astronomy, medicine, chemistry): Al Khuwarizmi, Avicenne, Al Gazali, and of the Greek authors, mainly Aristote (comments of Aristote by Avicenne, Organon, Metaphysical, logic), Euclide, Ptolémée.

  • Multiplication of the Mill S with water and appearance of the windmills. Apogee of the Clearings. First charters of frankness (Lorris in Gâtinais and Beaumont in Argonne) which bring to the peasants freedoms. They codify the uses, specify the duties of dependant of which they remove the hardest obligations.

  • the first Armoiries appear towards 1130 and the use spreads during this century.

  • Construction of strong Castles in Western Europe.

  • Construction of the largest Italian castle, the castle of Vicenza.
  • English Civil war (1135-1154).

  • At the 12th century the tribes Lithuania are not in fight against the Kures and the Lives to try to reach the Baltique of which they are drawn aside and against the Russian principalities of the interior.

The Mediterranean - three large Civilization S

  • Christian of Occident - Central and Western Europe

    • Reconquista in the South of Spain
    • Crusades - 1095~1204
    • {{S|XII|E}}: the golden age of the medieval occident

  • Byzantine S: Orthodoxe/Christian of the East - current Greece and Turkey - capital Constantinople

  • Civilization arabo-Moslem woman: The Middle East, North Africa, South of Spain

Art & Culture

See also: Rebirth of XIIe century

Structure

  • Appearance of the first buildings out of stone and brick with Ceylon with Polonnaruwa.

  • Construction of Stavkirke (“churches of wood upright”) in Norway of the 12th century with 1350.

Literature, language

  • etymological Dictionary of David Jewish Kimhi, of Narbonne (12th century).

  • Movement of the Goliard S or Clerks vagants during 12th and 13th centuries, in Western Europe. They are often students who practice “intellectual vagrancy”, of the clerks “escaped” from the order forcing from the company, artists, poets and buffoons. By their lifestyle, they criticize the established order, mainly the Church and are antimilitarists.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

In Europe, between 1120 and 1190, the second vagueness, most important, of the introduction of the Arab sciences and technology in occident (Tolède, Palermo, Pisa, Rome, Venice): mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, algebra, medicine, chemistry, pharmacy, mechanics (hydraulic, lifting gear), architecture, Music…

Philosophy

  • Introduction of Greek philosophy: Aristote, and well of others.

Science S

Introduction of Greek science and arabo-Moslem woman:

Techniques of navigation

  • Invention of the magnetic compass about 1100,

Techniques

  • Horseshoe.

  • Introduction of the Collar of shoulder (or collar of harness), known in China, allows the development of agriculture;
  • Introduction of the Clamp in occident (known in China towards 200 av. JC - 200 a. JC).
  • Appearance of Plow S with wheel ( plógr ) in Scandinavia, attested in the archaeological excavations as from the 12th century. They replace the rudimentary swing-plows ( ardhr ) used since prehistory.
  • Use in Occident of lifting gear for the building sites of Cathedral S (first building sites of 1137 to 1180).

Techniques (in China)

  • gun

  • Gunpowder,
  • Development of the industry of iron (industrial revolution).

Music

  • Polyphony in music (school of Notre Dame).

  • Introduction of the Lute, the Psaltérion, small the drinking cups, and the Quadrant to three cords (by the Arabs).
  • Invention of the Carried musical, improvement compared to the horizontal line introduced by Guido d' Arezzo at the 11th century.

Economy and company

Worsen Byzantine

  • At the 12th century, the Byzantine peasant remains free in right: it circulates with its liking, bequeaths and sells its ground with its own way, enjoys the same legal guarantees as any other subject of the Basileus. But the epidemics, the wars, the interior disorders, the pressure of the great landowners involve rural migration and drops demographic that do not compensate the arrivals of Asia Mineure occupied. The dunatoi (powerful) carry out a rough fight to attract them on their fields and to make of it them parèques (irremovable holder of a ground of a great field with the help of a rent). The capacity reacts because taking into account the tax exemptions which the powerful ones enjoy, each parèque is a taxpayer of less.

The Middle East

  • the kings de Jérusalem have, at the 12th century, four baronnies (Jerusalem, Nablus, Acre and Tyr) and of many villages in these seigniories. They draw the majority from their resources of taxes on the trade: rights of sale (the “ uprightnesses of bases ” on the markets - fondouk-) and of transit (the tax ad valorem of an active twenty-fourth required of the caravans of Egypt or Arabia in Syria by the territories of in addition to the Jordan), of the rights of import and export (the “chain” which bars the port gives its name to the customs of Acre). They have also the product of industrial monopolies (dyeing, soap factory, tannery…), right of coining, reserved to the king with the difference of the Occident, which strikes gold coins to Arab legend (“ besants sarracénats ”) and money sums of money of the Western type. These resources make it possible to the king to grant strongholds in besants or strongholds of welded (500 besants per annum for a knight), sometimes more in a seigniory than the ground strongholds. The crusaders found in the East a cash economy more developed much than in Occident, which explains the importance of the indirect taxes, the stronghold-revenues and the striking of gold currencies. The crusaders, if they imported Europe the rudimentary organization which they knew (administration of the large officers of the crown), also borrow from the Byzantines (with Antioche, a duke manages the city, a lender the police force) and from the Moslems: the Secret one (of the Greek sékrèton , financial office) corresponds to the diwan ; it is used at the same time of treasure, room of the accounts and files where one preserves the charters of donation, the land register and the list of the strongholds with their obligations. Certain legal institutions respect the local practice: the court of the ray (chief of village) can consider causes minor concerning the natives and the court of Fonde is a mixed court considering the causes commercial where those which concern the Syrians. On the other hand, court of the Chain which considers the lawsuits maritime, court of the Middle-class men where the High court, which judges the noble ones, are only made up of Francs.

Hungary

  • the Hungary extends on 220.000 km ² for a population from two million inhabitants. Until the 12th century, the country is presented in the form of an immense pasture, intersected with plowed grounds. The sedentarisation is slow. The culture of the fields, founded on the cereals (corn, millet), moves, using the imported plow of the steppe. In the center of the soil the manor ( udvar ) is, surrounded by grounds belonging to the lord and cultivated by slaves. Those decrease as from the 11th century with the profit of free men who jointly exploit grounds whose pleasure their is n the other hand recognized taxable quota and drudgeries due to the lords. Many are those which fall under the authority from the lords for debts. The seigneuriaux fields extend. Agriculture makes great great strides at the 12th century: the forests are cleared, the drained marshes. The use of the heavy plow, drawn by eight or ten oxen develops, and the whole of the grounds is subjected to the rotation of crops. The vine growing, known since the Roman epoch in the west of the Danube, extends to the east and in north: the vineyards of Tokay, of Eger, Navyvarad are created by colonists from France. An important trade starts. The Hungarians know a population increase then, but hardly emigrate towards the mountainous regions of North and the East, populated Slovaques, shepherds ruthenes and Rumanian and colonists German. The cities develop tardily. The king himself moves from one castle to another, making draw up to place tents in the court of the building. The trade helps with the growth of the cities to the crossroads of communication or close to the fortresses; Sarrasins of the Bulgarian kingdom of the the Volga are established with Pest at the 10th century; later, of Latin, from France or from Italy of North, fix themselves around the royal residences of Esztergom and Székesfehérvár to supply the court into luxury article. At the end of the century, the process of urbanization accelerates. The king and the large ones call upon hospites (hosts) as specialized craftsmen and tax immunities grant to them. The mining cities of the north of the country, populated by German semi-skilled workers, know a particular expansion then.

Poland

  • the Féodalité opens out in Poland with 12th and 13th century. The dukes weave with their men a whole screen of homages envisaging military and tax obligations and which lead to a pyramid of duties connecting the sovereign most modest to knights. The social order is founded on the ground, source of richness and power. The development of the population and technological advance (replacement of the swing-plow by the wheeled plow, three-year rotation) allow the constitution of great fields cultivated by peasants subjected to collective constraints (drudgeries) or obliged to pay a revenue (taxable quota). It is the case in the interior zones of colonization of Silesia, of Petite Poland, then of Large-Poland, where the large ones concentrate between their hands of vast territories conceded by the dukes and where the Church receives great fields. The great fields are exploited by peasants (serfs) descendant of former slaves or are considered such, subjected to the drudgery, while the small-scale farmings, held by the knights, are development by peasants censitaires.

  • Development of the religious orders in Poland at the 12th century. The reform cistercian penetrates the monasteries and the abbeys, establishing durable bonds with the mother abbey of Burgundy.

  • the use of the writing spreads. The charters written in Latin, abundant, found the statute law. The first Polish texts date from the 12th century. It is of poetry or ecclesiastical prose.

Significant characters

Political leaders

Writer S

See:

  • French Writers born with the {{S|XII|E}}

Scientists

Monk

Philosophical and theologists

See too

  • Rebirth of the {{S|XII|E}}

Beats-smg: XII omžios Be-X-old: 12 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 12. aastagasada Nds-nl: 12th eeuw Simple: 12th century

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