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Years 1200 | Years 1210 | Years 1220 | Years 1230 | Years 1240
Years 1250 | Years 1260 | Years 1270 | Years 1280 | Years 1290

See also: List of the centuries, Roman numerals ---- The century begins on January 1st 1201 and finishes the December 31st 1300.

Events

  • Short glacial push attested in the Alps by the peat bog of the glacier of Fernau (the Tyrol), between 1200 (perhaps 1150) and 1300 (perhaps 1350).

America

  • the culture of Anasazi, come from north, prevails as a whole Western Pueblo (1200 - 1400). Tops and solid walls of adobe are built to protect the villages from the plunderers, perhaps of the wandering tribes Apaches.

Africa

  • the chorfa Alawites (descendant of Ali, son-in-law of Mahomet), settle in the oasis of the Tafilalet in the south of the Morocco.

  • the kingdom of Kanem (Chad) establishes its domination until the Fezzan.

  • At the Dahomey, towards or the 13th century, of the Adja lives on banks of the Mono, between Tado and Athiémé. Part of this tribe moves later towards a nearby territory and founds the town of Allada (Ardra or Ardes). Following quarrels for the capacity, part of Adja d' Allada founds a cheffery independent in the surroundings of Abomey. A little later another fraction of Adja leaves also Allada and bases on the littoral the kingdom of Djakin (or of Porto-Novo).

  • Towards or the 14th century, of the pastors Tutsi starts to settle in the Eastern Ruanda where is already established farmers Hutu and hunters Pygmy S Toua. During following centuries, Tutsi affirm their superiority on the Hutu in their renting part of their livestock under conditions which transform the Hutu into serfs.

  • Apogee of the Persan counter of Kiloa and of the the Comoros at the 13th century.

Madagascar

  • Of many Indonésiens continues to settle on the Eastern coast of Madagascar until the 13th century. The African migrations continue at that time towards the Western coast.
  • the Arabs of Kiloa founded establishments with the the Comoros, but do not occupy the large island. On the other hand of many mongrels, the Antalaotes, originating in the Comoros, are established on the septentrional coast. Resulting from an interbreeding of Arab, Malagasy and Africans, they speak a language derived from the Swahili.
  • On the north-Eastern coast is established the Iharaniens, people very métissé but with African prevalence.
  • On the south-eastern coast makes stock about the 13th century the Zafi (downward of) Ramiria, which would be the ancestors of the Antambahoaka and the Antanosi.
  • the Antemoro are installed on the south-eastern coast between and the 16th century. Originating in the the Comoros, they would have lived in the area of the Iharana before taking root in the south more.
  • Of the shipwrecked men of any origine (Indians, indonésiens, arabized, then Portuguese) also based, between and the 16th century, of the cities on the Malagasy littoral. They are quickly assimilated and lose their characters of origin.
  • part of the people of the littoral penetrates slowly towards the interior of the island. In south-east, the Zafi-Manara found the dynasty of the Antandroy and the Zafi-Ndravola that of the Masikoro. In the east, the prince antemoro Rambo is at the origin of the Tanala of the Ikongo. On the central plate, at the end of and the beginning of the 15th century arrive the Hova and their chiefs the Andriana, having a very marked indonésien type.

Asia

  • Reign of Angrok, legendary semi king of Singosari (Java). Its history is told in the Pararaton or Delivers kings. Wire of peasant, it is perhaps the symbol of the Javanese reaction against the Indian influence. It arrives at the capacity by assassinating the king of Kadiri of which it marries the widow.
  • Fondation in the north of Sumatra of the Sultanat of Passed, first Moslem kingdom indonésien attested.
  • the Shogun of the Japan establishes contacts with the Aïnous of the island of Yeso (Hokkaido). Organized in chefferies, Aïnous have an autonomous culture, which is expressed in Yucar, the poem epic of the nation.
  • Expansion, in particular at the beginning of the century with Gengis Khan, and apogee of the Mongolian Empire, vaster empire contingu having ever existed.
  • Foundation of the Dynasty Yuan by the Mongolian in China (first integral domination not Han of China) by Kubilai Khan, grandson of Gengis Khan.

Europe

  • Albigensian Crusade (1209 - 1229) conquest of the Languedoc by the barons of the north of France. It is one of the first Croisade S and Inquisition S carried out by the catholics. It was constant at the beginning by the pope of the time to put an end to the Hérésie Cathare.

  • Reconquest of the betic Andalusia (1224 - 1248): conquest of the Moslem kingdoms of Cordoue, Jaén and of Seville by the troops of Ferdinand III, king of Castille and León. Tender by pact of vasselage of the Kingdom of Grenade.

Art & Culture

Education

  • Birth of the universities in Western Europe: Salamanque, Oxford, Cambridge, Montpellier…

  • Introduction of the Arab and Greek knowledge (Marie Tudal, Bagpipe, Ptolémée,…) in the universities (Albert Large the, Roger Bacon)

Architecture

  • With Cuzco, with the Peru the Incas build in their capital the Temple of Koricancha.

Painting

  • Italian Painters: Giotto

Literature

  • the written texts oldest of Madagascar are the Sorabes, texts in Malagasy language and Arab characters, written on paper whose Antemoro held the trade secret.

Theater

India

  • Representations of theater danced in the religious style Bhârata-natyam, originating in the Tamilnâdu, in India of the South, as from the 12th century. Three types of spectacles will be inspired some, the Kuravamchi, the Bhâgavatamela and the Kuchipudi of the Andhra Pradesh.

Economy & company

Europe

  • 60 million inhabitants in Europe.

  • Towards 1200, the agricultural work force in France in majority made up of Serf S, embrigadés within the framework of the seigniory and is uniformly compelled with three specific charges: the chevage , the formariage and the mortmain . During the 13th century, economic progress leads the Masters to grant individual or collective stampings, so that serfdom becomes the batch of the most stripped.

  • Appearance of the forest villages ( Waldhufendorf ) in the alpine areas starting from 1200. They extend along a road with fields perpendicular to this one. Labor is provided by peasants serfs to whom charters of colonization offer more advantageous conditions.

  • the 13th century is marked in Bohemia by a Net increase in population. Concentrated up to that point in the basin of Elba ( Polabí ), very favorable to agriculture, it intensely clears the mountains of the quadrilateral of Bohemia. It is especially the work of German colonists come from Thuringe, of Souabe, Saxony or Austria. Villages are created by contracts written between the lords and the colonists, guaranteeing to the latter the hereditary right on their grounds. Directed by the richest colonist ( rychter or šule ), they develop in plain the Three-year rotation practiced by the Germains, but mining constitutes the essential richness.

  • At the 13th century, the urban development in Poland is accelerated by the arrival of German merchants: Cracow, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk, etc They bring the Droits of Magdeburg, and constitute a patriciat, while the Poles hold the craft industry and the services. These cities obtain the privilege to elect a mayor and profit from tax and military exemptions. A big business develops along the the Vistula by which the Hungarian goods (wine, copper) forward until Gdańsk, which exports in its turn of Polish corn. The plan of the cities is modified. The castrum and the suburbium are erased with the profit of the place of the market bordered by the town hall.

  • Fair of Skanör (Scanie), at the beginning of the 13th century. It is held at the moment or of enormous benches of Hareng migrate of one sea to the other. Lübeckois bring and sell the salt of Lunebourg for the conservation of the fish, which export themselves in the countries of the South. They are joined by other German merchants, then by English and Netherlanders who start to double the point of Skagen ( Umlandsfahrer , “ cirumnavigatores ”) starting from the middle of the century. In addition to herrings and salt, the fair allows the exchange of other products: salt, iron of Stockholm, beer of Lubeck, articles of packing, cords, barrels, fabrics of the Netherlands and other manufactured goods.

Mongolia

  • At the beginning of the 13th century and second half of the 12th century, in all the Mongolian tribes, is formed an aristocracy of the steppe, called the group of the noïns . They carry names and titles distinctive like Ba gatour (valiant knight, courageous), böki (extremely, powerful), bilgaï (wise), setchen (erudite), merguen (archer excel). The various tribes are constantly in war the ones against the others, which makes it possible to the chiefs of victorious clans to increase their economic capacity, by the possession of slaves and pastures. Overcome, the ounagan bogol , keep the cattle of the dominant tribes and track game at the time of the huntings organized with the national scales. The nuker , members of the escort of the Khan, become the armed force of the domination of the masses.
  • the passage of the collective ownership of the cattle and the pastures by the clans ( kuren ) with the private property of the families ( garlics ) mark the beginning of wandering feudalism. The free shepherds are fixed with the feudal lords, owners ( edjen ) of the field of pastures ( noutoug ). The economy of the garlic remains autarkical, but does not exclude barter with the close sedentary people (cattle against manufactured goods).

Significant characters

Political leaders

Writers

See:

  • French Writers born with the {{XIIIe}} century
  • Italian Writers born with the {{XIIIe}} century

Scientists

  • Ibn Nafis (1210 - 1288), Arab doctor,

  • Albert Large the (between 1193 and 1206 - 1280), German theologist, Zoologist, introduced Greek and Arab sciences into the Université S of Occident.

Philosopher S and Theologist S

See: Philosophical and theologists of the {{S|XIII|E}}

Exploring S

Religious

  • Holy François d' Assise (Sitted, v. 1182 - id., 1226), founder of the catholic order of the Franciscain S.

  • Holy Thomas D' Aquin

Painters

  • Italian Painters of the {{S|XIII|E}}

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • In occident, following the Crusade S, Albert Large the and Roger Bacon integrates the Représentation world of ancient Greece (Plato, Aristote, Eratosthène, Ptolémée), according to which the ground is spherical

Education

Techniques with the service of art

Exploration S

  • Explorations with the {{S|XIII|E}}

Techniques of navigation

  • Appearance of large Nave S for the Atlantic Trade .

  • Use of the Rudder of stern post and the Wind vane.
  • First Portulan S, giving a representation of the coasts.

Medicine

  • Discovered blood circulation by Ibn Al-Nafis in 1242.

Other techniques

  • Introduction of the windmills since the East,

  • By the contacts with the Arab , the Norman ones introduces the Boussole in occident and use it in the Mediterranean (Ca 1200),
  • Introduction of the black Poudre in occident, known in China for the Fireworks since the 6th century approximately,
  • Apparition of the Brouette in Occident.
  • the Quenouille is replaced in several areas of occident by the wheel actuated by means of a Manivelle to spin the Textile S.
  • the Filigrane (1282).
  • the glasses for presbyopes (1280).
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Beats-smg: XIII omžios Be-X-old: 13 стагодзьдзе Fiu-vro: 13. aastagasada Nds-nl: 13th eeuw Simple: 13th century

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