Xénophon , in Greek old Ξενοφῶν / Xenophôn , born v. 426 or 430 av. J. - C., dead v. 355 av. J. - C.), Philosopher, Historian and Greek Master of war.

Biography

Born in the Dème from Erchia in Attic, in the first years of the Peloponnesian War, Xénophon is the son of Gryllus, member of an aristocratic rich person family. He attends the Sophiste S, whose Prodicus with Thèbes, and becomes the pupil of Socrate.

Hostile with the restoration of the Democracy after the Tyranny of the Thirty, it engages in the forwarding carried out by Cyrus the Young person, wire of Darius II, against his/her brother Artaxerxès II. At the time of the battles of Counaxa, in 401 av. J. - C., the exit of the combat is dubious, but the battle turns to the advantage of Persians when Cyrus is killed. A little later the Greek chief, the Spartan Cléarque, is taken and carried out. Xénophon is then elected ordering rear-guard of the army of the Greek Mercenaire S, which are only found on the plains between the Tigre and the Euphrate. It leads the retirement of the 13  then; 600 Greeks, called “Ten Thousand” -   reprocess that it tells in its most famous work, the Anabase , and who leads to the famous cry “ θάλαττα! θάλαττα! / thalatta! thalatta! ” (“ sea! Sea! ”) pushed by the Greeks seeing the Euxine Sea at the exit of the mountains. Arrived to Thrace with his companions, it is put at the service of king Seuthès that it restores on his throne. Then it puts its men at the service of the king Agésilas II of Sparte.

On its return to Athens, it is badly accommodated, and leaves to Sparte, where it belongs to the troops of the king Agésilas II combatant in Perse. He then is banished by Athens, allied of Persians, and is dispossessed of his goods. In 394 av. J. - C., it fights against the Athenians with Coronée. It settles in Scillonte, Elides of it, where it passes more than 20 years, occupied with the drafting of the majority of its works in particular the Anabase . Following a war between Sparte and Eléens, it must leave Scillonte and takes refuge in Corinthe in 371 av. J. - C.. Athens being then the allied one of Sparte, the sentence of banishment is raised in 367 av. J. - C., but there does not exist any proof that it returns to Athens. There do not exist any more information on him from there, but it is supposed that it died in 355 av. J. - C.

Work

The German Philologue Johann Karl Zeune published 1778 with 1785 a édtion of various writings of Xénophon.

List works with bonds towards the texts on line

  • Scripta quæ supersunt (complete Works) Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1841.
  • Anabase ( Ἀνάϐασις / Anabasis ), account of the forwarding of Cyrus the Young person and of the retirement of the Ten Thousand
    • (To read in line
    • (To read in line
    • (To read in line
    • (To read in line, annotated edition of Book VI per G. Mr. Edwards

  • Hellenic the ( Ἑλληνικῶν / Hellênikôn ), continuation of the History of Thucydide

    • (To read on line;
  • Apology for Socrate ( Ἀπολογία Σωκράτους / Apologia Sôkratous ), on the death of Socrate
    • (To read on line;
  • Memorable ( Ἀπομνημονευμάτων / Apomnêmoneumatôn ), accounts on the life of Socrate where Xénophon wants to be the spokesperson of its former Master. The “memorable ones” are most known of dedicated works by Xénophon with died of its Master. They are dialogs socratic. Mix between the philosophical treaty and a book of memories. Socrat considered as one of the fathers for Western philosophy and one of the inventors of moral philosophy, exerted a great influence on the spirit of Xénophon which spent several years to follow it and to listen to it to discuss with all kinds of people on all kinds of subjects. These are these talks that it collected in the Memorable ones. Xénophon would have started to write this work towards the end of its life from 370. These years were remembered for him by voyages and wars with adventures of any kind. Indeed, the Memorable ones were written the shortly after the Peloponnesian War which begins into 431;
    • (To read on line;
  • Cyropédie ( Κύρου Παιδείας / Kurou Paideias ), fictionalized life of Cyrus which wants to be a refutation of the République of Plato
    • (To read on line;
  • the Constitution of Lacédémoniens ( Λακεδαιμονίων Πολιτεία / Lakedaimoniôn Politeia ), apology for Sparte
    • (To read on line;
  • Economic the ( Οἰκονομικός / Oikonomikos ), on the administration of an agricultural property
    • To read on line;
  • Treated horsemanship , on the principles to follow in the choice and the education of a Horse of war and on the horsemanship
    • To read on line;
  • Hipparque , treated intended for young person ordering cavalry
    • To read on line;
  • Hiéron , little book on tyranny
    • (To read on line;
  • the Incomes , delivers economic reforms recommended for the city of Athens
    • Lire on line;
  • Agésilas , apologetic biography of king de Sparte.
  • the Banquet
    • (To read in line
    • (To read on line;

Work disputed

  • One a long time allotted the Republic of the Athenians to Xénophon. However it seems that he is not the author of this Pamphlet writes about the years -430. The historians prefer more and more to speak about Pseudo-Xénophon , thus avoiding slicing strictly on this disputed paternity.

    • (To read '' the Republic of the Athenians '' in line

See too

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