Work (economy)

In economy, the work is a Factor of production of the economy. It is provided by Employé S in exchange of a Salaire. The process of entry and exit of employment is done by the Job market.

Work is a complex concept whose study is at the same time spring of the economy, political Philosophie, and Droit.

The theoretical economic study is made by it by the economy of work.

Importance

Work and its corollary the Chômage are important components of the economic situation of a country. Its statute is disputed, of a vision making of work a moral duty (work moving away the defect) and social (the wellbeing collective depend on the number of workers and their Productivité) to a vision making of work an exploitation and an alienation (right to idleness supporting the life of the spirit).

In certain countries touched by massive unemployment, one also meets claims in the form of a “right to work”.

Work is an important component for the membership of the individuals to a company, which explains the distress of part of the involuntary unemployed.

Origin

Etymology

The word work comes from Latin bottom tripalium (6th century) formed of three vertical Pieux, two and one placed in transversal, to which one attached the animals to shoe them or look after them, or slaves to punish them (instrument of Torture).

At the 12th century, Travail indicates what endures the woman during the Accouchement (work = torment, suffering)
At the 16th century: “To try hard for”

History

The Esclavage was used during the Antiquité to achieve the hardest tasks. In Western Europe during the the Middle Ages, it was replaced by the Servage, less constraining, which founded an obligation of work for the peasants towards their lords. In France, serfdom almost disappeared after the One hundred Year old Guerre, and, persisting locally, was definitively abolished during the French revolution.

The use of slavery perduré longer in certain parts of the world, in particular in Americas and in the world arabo-Moslem.

The Travail of the children remained usual until the 19th century in the developed Pays. It perdure still in the Developing country.

Types of work

August 1st

Work can be done under the mode of the Salariat, or like Free lance.

The Télétravail develops since the end of the 20th century.

Regulation of work

Implication in work

Profit-sharing opposition

A recurring debate opposes the return on the capital and the remuneration of labor. The share of the wages in the added-value of the companies is roughly stable on the long run, in the neighborhoods of 2/3.

The liberal economists consider that the tendency should be to leave the tender job market towards its balance, which would be a balance of full employment, and which all the fixed regulatory constraints disturb the good performance and create Chômage.

For the Socialist S, the precarisation of the workers would be in contradiction with the valorization of work. They also think that in fact the Social contributions weigh too much on the companies, but the distribution capital-wages.

Critical radical of work

Some refuse that the debate remains confined with the sharing out work, and are caught some with work in itself. They advance that the productivity exploded during the 20th century, and that was not reflected on the quantity of work required. They add that modern work is generally disconnected from its finality: the worker becoming a simple wheel of an economic system which exceeds it, ironically exhorted to produce then that it bathes in the suproduction of superfluity and that we consume too much energy compared to our planet.

These ideas, relatively little theorized, can meet among partisans of the decrease, even of the anarchist-Communists.

Set of themes Value “work”

Some quotations

“Paressons in all things, except while liking and while drinking, except while paressant. ”, Lessing.
“O Idleness, take pity of our long misery! O Idleness, mother of arts and the noble virtues, would be the balsam of the human anguishes! ”, Lafargue.
“work moves away from us three great evils: the trouble, the defect and the need. ”, Voltaire.
“idleness is mother of any psychology. In what psychology would be it… a defect? ”, Nietzsche.
“idleness is, says one, the mother of all the defects, but the excess of work is the father of all the tenders. ”, Albert Jacquard.
“the labor force is goods that its owner, the employee, sells with the capital. Why does it sell it? To live. But the manifestation of the labor force, work, is the vital activity specific to the workman, his way with him of expressing its life. And it is this vital activity which it sells with a third to ensure its means of subsistence necessary. Its vital activity is thus for him only one means of being able to exist. He works to live. ”, 1847, Karl Marx, paid Work and capital .
“is to arrive at rest that each one works, in fact still the idleness returns to us hard. ”, Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
“work implies painfulness, wage-earning, subordination. ”, Alain Caillé.
“One believes initially that one works for oneself, one is appeared then that one works for his wife, one is persuaded later that one works for his children, one in the final analysis realizes that one works to work. ”, Auguste Detœuf, matter of Barenton Oscar, confectioner.
“the human society is not subjected from the start and always to the constraints of the material scarcity which they do not think initially and before very accumulating useful things. They express on the contrary their variation with the material need and the refusal to yield there… ”, Revue MAUSS n°18
“work is what the man found of better nothing to do his life. ”, Raoul Vaneigem
“Because one should not any more work, because one should not any more suffer, because one should not anything any more make… Ah, this cursed paradise! Helene, it has nothing worse there than the paradise on ground! ”, Čapek
“All these people who claim work: money would be enough for them! " ”, Coluche.

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