Whist

Events

Africa

Towards -4000, the Lac Chad reaches its greater extension, that is to say a million km ² (440 times its current surface) and a depth higher than 65 m, thanks to moderated conditions, but which will not last, and the inexorable process of draining will start, prelude to the turning into a desert.

America S

Towards -4000, the first manufacture of ceramics in the basin of the Amazon, in Guyana, then a little later in Colombia and on the coast of the Ecuador.
Towards -3500, on the highlands and in the coastal plains of the south of the Peru (Chilca and Ancón):

the LAMA is used like animal of pack, but also for its wool and its milk.
Development of the culture of cotton and manufacture of twill fabric and fishing nets.

Towards -3200, first cultures of the Corn in South America.

Eastern Asia

Towards -4000, in China:

Neolithic Culture of Yangshao on most of the China of North, based on hunting, the culture of the millet, the breeding of the Dog and the Pig. It is represented in particular by the village of Banpo. Another culture, known as of Dawenkou, located in the peninsula of the Shandong, produces a pottery more elaborate than that of Yangshao. Its funerary habits shows a beginning of social differentiation.
the culture of rice is applied more to the south, in the valley of the Yangzi Jiang. The buffalo is also domesticated there and of the houses out of wooden on Piloti S are built there. The population of the lower course of the Yangzi Jiang is not Chinese, but seems rather related to the people of the Oceania.

Towards -3100, in Korea: first certificate of the culture of the millet.

Indonesia

the oldest tools on glares of the islands of South-east are found in Indonesia, with Borneo and in the Filipino . They are made of a variety of flint, but one finds also tools of Obsidienne in the center of Philippines, the west of Java and the south of Sumatra. They often present a particular glossing, which could indicate a work on plants rich in silica (cane, climbing palm tree, pandanuses, necessary to the clothes industry of plaits, cords and baskets).

India

the number of the agricultural establishments increases considerably in thousand-year-old IVe. In the area of Mehrgarh, one now counts several sites in a ray of a few kilometers. Their geographical position implies the existence of irrigation canals, whose traces were discovered. The industry of ceramics is characterized by the mass production from utility containers achieved by means of a turn and good quality.
Foundation of the site of Mundigak in Afghanistan, attached to the Chalcolithique of the central Baloutchistan. Complex cultural of Sheri Khân Tarakai in the basin of Bannu (fine thousand-year-old IVe Ve-beginning), which in spite of its originality is attached to old Chalcolithique of Mehrgarh.
Progress of ceramics in the villages of the Baloutchistan: decoration of planks of capridés or birds and geometrical reasons. To Mehrgarh, remainders of furnace, complexes of stores, as well as workshops of Lapis lazuli, turquoise and Cornaline, indicates a fast improvement of the techniques. In the same zone of artisanal activities, one found a whole of crucibles containing of the copper traces, in which ingots 11 cm in diameter was molten.

In Europe

sub-boreal Warming (- 4000, -3000). The climate softens during the fourth millenium (3° with 4° C moreover for the annual average that at our time). The sea level reaches the current level (130 meters in top of the level of the most severe glaciations). Triumph over the mixed Chênaie in France, with Tilleul and Orme. The Holm oak ( Quercus ilex ) is established as far as Normandy. Deforestation due to the man is perceptible (sheathed polished wood flint axes of stag). The specialization of the craft industry involves a development of the exchanges: mines of flint, obsidian and rare stones, series production of axes, ceramics, amber and jadeite pearls decorated with graphite and gold, with the first copper tools in competition with those of stone.
Neolithic civilization covers the whole of the France, the alpine areas, British Isles and the north of Europe. A strong demographic expansion results in the multiplication of the villages and their installation on new soils (plates, peat bogs and edges of lakes).

Towards -4000:

In the careers of Western and septentrional Europe, intensification of the production of Flint of high-quality.
In France:

Tomb megalithic of Frébouchère: it is about a long flagstone 10 m length punt, supported by 8 vertical stones, forming an artificial cave, perhaps initially covered with ground.
Beginning of the Civilization chasséenne with its large villages, its organized campaigns and its beautiful potteries.
After more than two thousand years of development of agriculture, the stoutness of the men evolved/moved. They became, on average, smaller, of light structure and with cranium in general oblong.

Towards -3800, first villages strengthened and construction of moats, in Western Europe.
Towards -3650, in southernmost Russia, first burials with vehicles drawn by oxen.
Towards -3500, in Western and septentrional Europe: agricultural novel methods with a generalization of the use of the draft animals and Swing-plow and a better use of wool and milk.
Towards -3200:

in Hungary, first vehicles with Wheel S.
Construction of circles and alignments of megaliths drawn up in British Isles and the North-West of the France.
Introduction of the ceramics comb-notched until in Lapland.

the Middle East

Period of Uruk in the Middle East, centered on Low the Mésopotamie (4100-2900)
Cultures of Sialk II and Sialk III in Iran. The inhabitants of Sialk seem neither Semitic, nor Indo-European (standard asianic). Progress in architecture, furnace and potter's wheel, copper smelting, seals. First use of the swing-plow. Remarkable typical ceramics of the style of Suse.
Towards -4000:

In Palestine, civilization cananéenne is organized on a system of city-States, fruits of an osmosis between sedentary farmers and pastors seminomad.

In the first part of, the techniques of the metallurgy and the work of the Ivory, arrive of north.
In the second part of, it is the Egypt which influences the area.

the city of Suse, located on the north-eastern fringe of the southernmost Mésopotamie (Iraqi fringe of the mounts Zagros), develops as of this time a refined civilization, attached to the Culture of Obeïd. One sees there to set up the ancestor of the Ziggourat S, in the form of a funerary solid mass around whose the tombs are grouped, then a high terrace.
In Egypt, beginning of the use of the veil.

Towards -3500, with Sumer (Mésopotamie), with Susiane (southernmost Iran), with Suse and Uruk, development of the first urban civilizations.
Towards -3400:

First cities strengthened in Egypt.
Creation of Habouba Kariba counter summérien in Syria, for its trade of long distances.

Towards -3250, with Such Brak, Uruk and with Suse, invention of a wedge-shaped writing, which one finds the traces on pictographic shelves of clay used for the commercial accounts.
Towards -3100:

Beginning of the Egyptian State and creation of the new capital with Memphis.
Development of the wedge-shaped writing in all the Mésopotamie.

Techniques

Agriculture: LAMA and cotton (- 3500, south of Peru), draft animals and swing-plow (- 3500, Europe), culture of but (- 3200, South America)
Industry: Ceramics (- 4000, basin of the Amazon), flint high-quality (- 4000, Europe), discovered potter's wheel in Mésopotamie.
Art: objects out of jade (- 4000, China), fall megalithic (- 4000, France), burials on carriages (- 3500, Russia), wedge-shaped writing (- 3250, Mésopotamie)
Techniques: Veil (- 4000, Egypt), fishing nets and fabrics twill (- 3500, south of Peru), vehicles with wheels (- 3200, Hungary), welding.
Companies: City-states (- 4000, Palestine), ancestor of the Ziggourat S (- 4000, north-eastern Mésopotamie), villages strengthened (- 3800, Europe), urban civilizations (- 3500, Mésopotamie and Iran), trade of the luxury items (- 3500, China), strengthened cities (- 3400, Egypt), Circles and alignments of megaliths (- 3200, British Isles and north-western France), Egyptian State (- 3100, Egypt)

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