Web 2.0 referred with the second generation of communities and online services such as social networks or wikis which aim at facilitating collaboration and the division between the Net surfers. The defenders from this point of view support that the services of Web 2.0 will replace the traditional applications of office gradually. More than one technology it is in fact a concept of pooling of information.
Presentation
In its original design, the Web (named in this context “Web 1.0”) even never included/understood static Web pages which were seldom updated. A first revolution was brought by solutions basing itself on a dynamic Web (sometimes called Web 1.5), where management systems of contents served as the dynamic Web pages, created with flown starting from a Database in constant change. The Web was regarded mainly as a tool of diffusion and visualization of data, where aspects like the number of pages seen and esthetics are of a very great importance.The partisans of the approach Web 2.0 think that the use of the Web is directed more and more towards the interaction between the users, the Crowdsourcing and the creation of rudimentary social networks, being able to serve as the contents and exploiting the effects of network, with or without reality made visual and interactive of Web pages. In this direction, the Web sites 2.0 act more like points of presence, or gates Web centered on the user rather than on the traditional Web sites. The evolution of the supports making it possible to consult the Web sites, their various formats, brings for the moment an approach more centralized on the contents than on the aspect. New the Template S Web 2.0 tries to take a graphic care, effects, while remaining compatible with this diversity of supports.
Origin of the term
The term was invented by Dale Dougherty of the company O' Reilly Media at the time of a reflection with Craig Cline de MediaLive to develop ideas for a joint conference. It suggested that the Web was during one time of rebirth, with a change of rules and an evolution of the model of company. Dougherty gave examples instead of definitions: “DoubleClick, it was Web 1.0. Google AdSense, it is Web 2.0. Ofoto, it was Web 1.0. Flickr, it is Web 2.0. ”, and recruited John Battelle. Then, O' Reilly Media, Battelle and MediaLive launched the first conference Web 2.0 in October 2004. The second annual conference took place in October 2005.
In the talk of opening of their conference, O' Reilly and Battelle summarized the key principles which they consider characteristic of the applications Web 2.0: the Web as a platform; data like “tacit knowledges”; effects of network pulled by a “Architecture of participation”, the innovation like the assembly of systems and distributed and independent sites; businesses models featherweight thanks to the Syndication of contents and services; end of the cycle of adoption of the software (“the perpetual beta release”).
General characteristics
The precise definition of an application Web 2.0 is still warmly discussed. However, it is generally allowed that a Web site 2.0 must show certain characteristics:
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the site should not be a secret garden , i.e. it must be easy to make return or leave information of the system;
- the user must remain owner of his own data;
- the site must be entirely usable through a standard navigator;
- the site must present aspects of social networks.
Technologies
The infrastructure of Web 2.0 is complex and changing, but it includes the software of waiter, the Syndication of contents, the protocols of transport, the Standard S of navigation, and of the applications customer be varied (the Plugin S, or grafts, not-standard are generally avoided). These complementary approaches provide to the Web 2.0 storage capacities, of creation and diffusion which go beyond what was previously awaited Web sites.
A site could be called like using an approach Web 2.0 if it makes the good share with a certain number of the following techniques:
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the use of CS, a beaconing semantically valid XHTML and Microformats;
- rich techniques of applications such as AJAX;
- the Syndication and the aggregation of contents RSS/Atom;
- categorization by labelling;
- the suitable use of URL;
- an architecture REST or services Web XML.
Rich application Internet
See also: Rich Internet Application
Recently, of the techniques of application Internet rich person such as AJAX were developed to improve the experiment user of the applications using a Navigateur Web. A Web application using AJAX can exchange information between the customer and the waiter in order to update the contents of a Web page without refreshing the whole page, thanks to the navigator.
RSS
See also: Really Simple Syndication
The first and the most important evolution towards Web 2.0 concern the syndication of contents, by using standardized Protocole S making it possible to the users to make use of the data of a site in another context, energy of another Web site to the plugin of a navigator, or even of a separate application of office. The protocols allowing the syndication include/understand RSS, RDF (as in RSS 1.1) and Atom, all being based on the language XML. Protocols specialized such as FOAF and XFN (both for the social networks) extend the functionalities of the sites and make it possible to the users to interact in a decentralized way. See the Microformat S for formats of data more specialized.
Because of the recent development of this tendency, much of these protocols become standards De facto rather than of the formal standards.
Labelling
See also: key Word
Use of the beacons or labels or key words ( tag in English) to improve semantic research. Increasingly presented in the form of a Cloud of key words ( Tag cloud in English).
These labels is small expressions of text which describe a concept, is attached to a concept and is used to seek in contents (typical examples: a forum, a Blog, a directory of blogs) and, which is more important, to inter-connect the things between them . It is a little as in a Réseau of neurons : the more one label is used, the more present the concept attached to the label is and the more it has weight. Plus the labels are present units and more the attached concepts are connected between them.
The beacons can include Méta-elements (elements of Métadonnée S).
Social labelling, folksonomy
See also: Folksonomie
Use of the labels , more than one system of weighting generally defined by an human factor (the social side) to emphasize the interesting articles in, typically repertory information systems of blogs ( Social Bookmarking in English).
Labelling allows presorting of the required articles and either the number of references, or a note given by the readers creates the order of appearance of the articles.
Protocols Web
The Communication protocols Web are a key component of the infrastructure Web 2.0. The two principal approaches are REST and SOAP.
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REST ( REpresentational State Transfer ) indicates a way of exchanging and to handle data by using simply the verbs HTTP GET, POST, COULD and DELETE.
- SOAP implies poster with a waiter of requests XML including/understanding a succession of instructions to be carried out.
In both cases, the accesses to the services are defined by a Application program interface (API). Often, the interface is specific to the waiter. However, of the standardized Web application program interfaces (for example, for poster on a blog) are emerging. The majority, but not all, of the communications with Web services imply a transaction in form XML ( extensible Markup Language ).
See also WSDL ( Web Services Description Language ), a standard of publication of the interfaces of services Web.
Some services Web 2.0
- Exalead (search engine)
- Dailymotion
- AdSense (Google)
- Del.icio.us (Yahoo!)
- Picasa Web Album (Google)
- Flickr (Yahoo!)
- Pikeo (photo)
- LinkedFeed
- Netvibes (gate)
- StumbleUpon
- Technorati
- Last.fm
- YouTube (Google)
- Wikio (search engine of information)
- AgoraVox
- Digg
- Kartoo (search engine)
Critical
As there does not exist unanimous agreement on what Web 2.0 means precisely, the term can indicate radically different things according to the people. For example, much about people making the promotion of Web 2.0 speak about HTML well formed and valid. However, few current sites adhere to this standard. In the same way, whereas the Web should tend towards more accessibility, the use of AJAX can return the sites completely unusable to the people sailing without the support of the JavaScript, or with an old navigator. Many complained about the bad use scripts AJAX, leading to a “soup of beacons”, i.e. with the proliferation of beacons and the nonsemantic beaconing. It is precisely of this type of design that the promoters of the standards of the Web tried to move away.
Moreover, to remain in current mobility, certain sites tend to multiply the use of AJAX. Unfortunately, by it wrongly use and through, that returns these sites particularly difficult to sail. A simple example is illustrated with the pull-down menus: Developed in many sites, those are held simply when the mouse is posed above, hiding the contents of the lower part. However the user, when it sails, made many passages of its bar HTML towards the contents of the site. In the final analysis that slows down the progression of the user. But there still exists of different multiples examples. The other aspect concerning waste of time relates to the heaviness of the Web pages. Indeed Web 2.0 makes the Web pages particularly long to the loading. With final, Web 2.0 slows down the progression of the user once again. The embarrassment relates to also the filtration systems of publicities. For example, Mozilla Firefox has extensions - as Adblock or AdBlockPlus - which filters the posting of publicities. However the Web pages in AJAX tend to be badly managed by this kind of programs. The advertizing, which develops more and more on Internet (the advertizing agencies multiply, their benefit increase), is not wished by a great number of users.
Many the ideas of Web 2.0 were employed on Web sites well before the term is employed. Amazon.com, for example, made it possible its users to write criticisms and guides of consumption since its origin, and opened its API with the third developers in 2002. Reciprocally, when a site proclaims “Web 2.0” because it uses commonplace functionalities such as the blogs or the ranges, it acts often more than one attempt of Promotion that a true exploitation of the ideas of Web 2.0.
The term was sometimes tiny room to simple a term with the mode which can mean all and anything, with little connection with the ideas on which it is based. One can as support as “Web 2.0” does not represent a new version of the World Wide Web, but includes/understands in fact only technologies and concepts of “Web 1.0”. Others critical associated in this term one second Bulle Internet, affirming that many companies Web 2.0 tried to create the same product with a manifest lack of economic model.
Let us note that the examples of services Web 2.0 (cf above), like Wikipédia, are entirely contained in the original Web.
Distinction
The December 18th 2006, Time Magazine chose the Net surfers like personality of the year 2006. Since 1927 (date on which the magazine decreed the permier titrates Personnalité of the year), it is the eighth time that the personality of the year is not a person found in particular exceptional by the team of drafting of Time but a group of people. The American magazine thus wished to pay homage to the multitude of anonymous Net surfers which took the control of information on the Web thanks to the applications Web 2.0.
Lexicon
See too
Related articles
- List of the applications Web
- semantic Marketing 2.0
- Web
- Web 2.B
- Web 3.0
- Marketing of the services
- Bank 2.0
External bonds
- the article founder of Tim O' Reilly: What is Web 2.0 and Which is what the Web 2.0
Simple: Web 2.0 Zh-min-nan: Web 2.0
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