Washington Irving , born the April 3rd 1783 in the district of Manhattan, with New York, dead the November 28th 1859 with Tarrytown, is a American writer beginning of the 19th century. Its first name was given to him in homage to George Washington. It published under the pseudonyms of Geoffrey Crayon, gentleman, DE DIETRICH Knickerbocker and of Jonathan Oldstyle. It is especially known for its news, but it also wrote many tests and biographies.

Life

Washington Irving is youngest of the eleven children of a negotiating rich person. Very early, it develops a passion for the books, devouring Robinson Crusoé or the Thousand and One Nights . Lawyer, it studies the right into private in the offices of Henry Masterton (1798), Brockholst Livingston (1801) and John Ogde Hoffman (1802), but practices only briefly. From 1804 to 1806, he travels through the Europe, visiting Marseilles, Genoa, the Sicily (where he sees the English admiral Nelson) and Rome. On its return to the the United States, in 1806, Irving is allowed with the bar of New York. It assembles with his brothers a company (which was to crumble in 1818). During the War of 1812, Irving assists the governor of New York militarily, Tompkins, in the American army.

The literary career of Irving begins in the press. It contributes, between 1802 and 1803, with The Morning Chronicle , which is published by his/her Peter brother, then, between 1807 and 1808, with Salmagundi , writing in collaboration with his brother William and James Kirke Paulding. From 1812 to 1814, he is writer with the Analetic magazine , Philadelphia and New York. In 1809 appears a Histoire of New York told by Dietrich Knickerbocker (which is supposed being an American student eccentric of Dutch origin), whimsical evocation of the first years of Manhattan at the time of the Dutch colony. The name of “Knickerbocker” was to be used besides to indicate the first American literary school, whose Irving is the principal figure. The book still belongs to the Folklore of New York, and the word of “Knickerbocker” is always employed to indicate the New Yorkeans whose family could go down from the first Dutch colonists. In front of the success of this first work, Irving written in the same vein, in 1819-1820, the Book of sketch of Geoffrey Pencil, gentleman , a collection of stories strongly influenced by the German popular tales, which includes/understands some of its news among most known - the Legend of Sleepy Hollow ( The Legend off Sleepy Hollow ) and RIP van Winkle . In 1822 is published a continuation, Bracebridge Hall .

Been engaged with Matilda Hoffmann, this one dies in 1809 at the seventeen years age. Haunted by the memory of the young woman, it was to never marry. After the death of his/her mother, Irving decides to settle in Europe, where it remains during seventeen years, of 1815 to 1832. He lives successively with Dresden (1822-1823), with London (1824) and with Paris (1825). In England, it has a romantic connection with Mary Shelley, the widow of Percy Bysshe Shelley. In addition, it becomes friendly with Walter Scott. Thereafter, it is established in Spain, where it works for the embassy of the the United States to Madrid (1826-1829). From 1829 to 1832, under the presidency of Martin Van Buren, Irving is secretary of American legation. During this stay in Spain, he writes a series of books on Spain of the 15th century: a history and voyages of Christophe Colomb (1828), the Chronicle of the conquest of Grenade (1829), and Companions of Colomb (1831), works based on a looked after historical research, but also Tales of the Alhambra (1832), returning to the history and the legends of the Spain Moor.

In 1832, Irving returns to New York, where it is accommodated with enthusiasm like the first American author to have conquered an international repute. He travels in the south and the west of the United States and writing the Mixture of Pencil , an excursion in the meadows (1835), account of a voyage which carried out it until Fort Gibson, at the time a border post of the remote west, currently in the Oklahoma, and the Adventures of the captain Bonneville (1837). He is one of the first personalities of the 19th century century to speaking openly about the degradation of the relations between the Indian tribes of America and Europeans in his novel Astoria (1836). From 1836 to 1842, Irving lives with the manor of Sunnyside, in Tarrytown, on banks of the Hudson, in the State of New York, where Charles Dickens comes to visit it at the time of its voyage in America. In 1842, Irving is named by Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, ambassador of the United States in Spain, station which it will occupy until 1845. From return in America, it spends the last years of its life to Tarrytown. At that time, he works with Mahomet and his successors (1849), with the Perchoir of Wolfert (1855) and with five volumes of the Life of George Washington . He dies in Tarrytown in 1859.

In 1860-1861, principal work of Irving was the edition object in 21 volumes. Many streets and cities of the United States were baptized in its homage, which it is about the village of Irvington, in the Texas, of the town of Irvington, in the New Jersey, of the street Washington and the street Irving with Birmingham, in the Alabama, of the town of Bracebridge, in the Ontario (in reference to its novel Bracebridge Hall )

He is regarded as the mentor of authors like Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Edgar Allan Poe. Irving popularized the nickname “Gotham” for New York, later used in cartoons and films of Batman. In the same way, it is claimed that he is the inventor of the expression “the dollar the Almighty”.

Works

  • Bracebridge Hall , 1822
  • Letters of Jonathan Oldstyle, gentleman , 1824
  • Tales of a traveller , 1824
  • a History and voyages of Christophe Colomb , 1828
  • the Chronicle of the conquest of Grenade , 1829
  • Companions of Colomb , 1831
  • Tales of Alhambra , 1832
  • an Excursion in the meadows , 1835
  • the Abbey of Abbotsford and Newstead , 1835
  • the mixture of Pencil , 1835 (3 flights.)
  • Astoria , 1836
  • Tests and sketch , 1837
  • Adventures of the captain Bonneville , 1837
  • Life of Oliver Goldsmith , 1840
  • Work , 1848-51 (15 flights.)
  • Mahomet and its successors , 1849
  • Life of George Washington , 1855-59
  • the Perch of Wolfert, 1855
  • Spanish Papers and other mixtures, 1866 (posthumous)
  • Abu Hassan , 1924 (posthumous)
  • the wild Hunter , 1924 (posthumous)
  • complete Work , 1969-89 (posthumous, 30 flights.)
  • History of New York - since the beginning of the world until the end of the Dutch domination - by Diedrick Knickerbocker , ED. established by Valentine Fonteray, Paris, Editions Amsterdam, 2006.

External bonds

  • Washington Irving in the Internet Movie Database (Custom).
  • Washington Irving in the University system of documentation (Fr).

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