This movement, so known under the name of Revolution Farroupilha , is the most glorifié by the historians and leader Gaúcho S (inhabitants of the State of the Rio Grande C Sul). This is so true, that, until today, the Palais Piratini, center of the government of the State, owes its name at the town of Piratini which was the Capitale of the République Riograndense founded in the Province of São Pedro C Rio Grande C Sul of the time.
The denomination Farroupilhas or Farrapos given to the participants of this movement, has an obvious pejorative direction coming from their adversaries which made fun of their worn clothing ( farrapos , means “Portuguese wrecks”; the farroupilha is thus the loqueteux one). It has a little the same connotation as that of “Sans-culotte S”.
Genesis of the conflict
Current the Rio Grande C Sul was constantly prone to conflicts - until with Spanish invasions like the Guerre Guaranítique. For a long time followed one another of the confrontations with the Spanish S, the inhabitants of the area of the Rio of Plata, the Bandeirante S and the Indigène S, all moved by the possession of the Ground and the Bétail. These animal, of the Bovine S, had been given up by the Jésuite S when their Missions was destroyed by the bandeirantes in the search of Esclave S Amerindian S. Living free from the meadows, this cattle reproduced unconstrained and became again wild. Who would adapt control of it could constitute enormous a Troupeau and gain money enormously by selling Viande salted and dried and Cuir. Leather was exported towards the Europe and the meat was already intended for the interior Marché. The Salting S of meat and them Vente became the most gainful employment since the discovery of the Or in the Center-Ouest area.
The breeding did not require large investments, except those to maintain the Milice S which ensured the guarantee of the Propriété of the ground. To install a salting, one needed Labor slave and a Capital to get the raw materials and the salt imported Setúbal, with the Portugal, or of Cadiz, in Spain. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Rio Grande C Sul had already defined its basic profile: a commercial economy of provisioning of the Brazilian interior market and a militarized company which was forged in the continual fights with the Spaniards.
Coexisting with the great land properties of breeding ( estâncias ), the arrival of from the Azores families at the end of the 18th century led to the creation of small and average rural exploitations which passed from the Production for the local Consommation to the export of Blé. In these exploitations as in the saltings, the use of work slave was of setting. It did not exist in the estâncias where the rural workers were to make use of Arme S for being better opposed to the robbers cattle who came from Rio of Prata, of São Paulo and even of the surroundings gaúchos. It was imprudent to provide weapons to the slaves who would certainly have turned over them against their owners.
Freemasonry
The southernmost province became a hearth of dissatisfaction against the government with Regency. The creation of secret societies and political parties worsened even more this situation.
In 1832, Luís Jose back Reis Alpoim founded the Parti Farroupilha , bringing together exaltés liberals, and even of the defenders of the republican ideas.
The Republic was supported by the propaganda which the secret societies organized by the Franc-maçonnerie made him. The freemason Francisco Xavier Pereira was sent by the Cabin of the Grand the East of the town of Rio de Janeiro to organize the maconnic cabins. To escape control from the authorities, they functioned like literary companies, the principal one of them being Filantropia E Liberdade . In other gaúchas cities - Rio Pardo, Wound into a ball, Rio Grande and Jaguarão - they had as a name Sociedade Defensora da Liberdade E Independência Nacional . The influence of freemasonry was very strong through newspapers such as Continentino , of the stage performances, the public debates propagating the republican ideas , Fédéraliste S and of resistance to the central capacity of Rio.
Economic context
In this context, the policy dependant on the Empire answered the interests of the agricultural exporters which harnessed with their project the worldwide, by the means of the strict control of the provinces by the central capacity. Such a practical policy supported the development of strong oppositions of provincial oligarchies which were seen far away from the poles of decisions of the Empire.
This way, seeking cause a drop in the price of the saltings, the capacity decreased the taxation of the imported products, which ends up supporting the trade of the meat of Rio of Plata on the Brazilian market with a Prix lower than that of the goods gaúcha. At the same time, the customs Tax S on the Export of the local meat and the Importation of salt remained maintained with an elevated level. These decisions of the central administration were prejudicial economically the estancieiros and the producers of saltings gaúchos which wanted the reverse precisely: low taxation of imported salt and customs protectionism against the meat of the adjoining countries. The determination of the rate of the taxes by the Cour was another point of friction, because most of the richness of the province went to the Couronne.
Thus the opposition to the crescent increased controls exerted by the central capacity on the economic life and policy of the Rio Grande C Sul, opposition which ends up exploding at the time of the Farroupilha Revolution.
The events precipitated when Antônio Rodrigues Fernandes Braga, then governor of the province, and Sebastião Barreto Pereira Pinto, ordering provincial Weapons, entered in conflict with the opposition when they denounced the existence of a project to separate the province from the remainder of the Brésil. This charge was made against several Député S present at the Provincial Parliament, where Pereira Pinto was to propose the creation of an additional tax necessary to the creation of a special body of police force. It was on April 20th, 1835 and one of the defendants was Bento Gonçalves da Silva, Colonel ordering military forces of the Frontière, and rich owner of estâncias in the Rio Grande C Sul and in Uruguay.
Vis-a-vis this economic situation, Farroupilhas, the Monarchist S moderate and the moderate republicans linked themselves, but also because followed one another of the acts of violence practiced by Pedro Chaves, chief of the Police force and brother of the president of the province. These three liberal currents wanted to finish some with the exploitation whose Rio Grande C Sul felt victim, by correcting the injustices, by the control of the Executive power, the increase in the prerogatives of the legislative and by broader autonomy of the province.
The war
The armed actions began the September 19th 1835, when the troops farroupilhas ordered by Onofre Pires and Jose Gomes of Vasconcelos Jardim invaded Porto Alegre. The next day, the city fell entirely to the hands from the rebels. President Braga, without troops legalists to defend it, flees for the town of Rio Grande. The Guard national which was in the city united with the insurrectionists.The September 21st, Bento Gonçalves, to the head of its quota vêtu of yellow and red, entered triumphantly to Porto Alegre. The Municipal Room entrusted the provincial capacity to Marciano Pereira Ribeiro, chief of the Parti Farroupilha .
A little less than fifteen months later, almost all the province was under the control of Farroupilhas. After the victories of the Battle S of Rio Pardo and Capela C Erval, all the State was dominated by the rebels.
The central government, then directed by Diogo Antonio Feijó, adopted a policy of conciliation by naming Jose de Araújo Ribeiro, cousin of the Colonel Bento Manuel Ribeiro, another farroupilha chief, to control the province. Farroupilhas did not accept this conciliating offer and prevented the installation of Araújo Ribeiro which was withdrawn at Rio Grande. It was finally under the authority of the Municipal Room that he took up his duty the January 15th 1836. This fact involved the adhesion of Bento Manuel Ribeiro to the legalists.
Farrapos obtained several victories, with Passo de Lageado, Passo back Negros and Moscardas, and conquered Pelotas. However, they lost Porto Alegre and were overcome with Itapuã, in the passage between the Lagoa back Patos and the Rio Guaíba, by the imperial Escadre ordered by the Mercenaire English John Grenfell.
At the time of the catch of Porto Alegre, the legalists expelled province more than 200 people and obliged 36 leaders farroupilhas to ravel from the streets of the city, under a fine rain, to the dispatching platform of the port. This episode remains known under the name of Procissão backs 36 Anjinhos .
The Combat S continued in the surroundings, where the colonel Antônio de Sousa Neto obtained a victory with Seival, after a bloody body-with-body. After this victory, the rebels decided to give each other an politico-administrative organization which enables them to fight of equal footing with the Empire of Brazil, and not to be only recognized more as a band of Anarchiste S. It was also necessary to have a Drapeau to be able to treat with the adjoining countries to the same level of Souveraineté and Indépendance. Sousa Neto decided that this was to be taken without same consulting Bento Gonçalves which was monarchist. The September 11th 1836, it proclaimed the République Riograndense in front of its assembled troops.
The Riograndense Republic
Seeking bases of support to the movement in other territories, Farrapos presented to them Manifeste of August 29th, 1838 , addressed to known as “the civilized nations” auprès of which they sought to present the motivations which had led them to the rupture with the Brazilian Empire to build a republican State. Shown to have projected the conflict in the objective to set up a sovereign republic in the Rio Grande C Sul, the Manifeste sought on the contrary to show that there was no separatist anteriority with the movement in order to found a republican mode.
The paragraph first of the Manifeste legitimated the actions carried out by Farrapos, since they had as an key objective the reconquest of an original freedom vis-a-vis it despotic capacity exerted by the Court of Rio de Janeiro. The defense of this sovereignty threatened by the Despotisme of the Court justified the acts of rebellion and confrontation carried out by Farrapos, from which the theoretical source is clearly resulting from the writings of the English John Locke. The sovereignty of the very young republic would be ensured, on the economic plan, by its own management of the natural wealths of the Rio Grande C Sul which guaranteed to him the essential resources for the full operation of the new apparatus of State.
The separation of with Brazil was based on the concepts of the Code of the Nations , being presented in the form of a process result conscious and maturely considered, fruit of conflicts existing vis-a-vis it central capacity. The criticism made with the Central administration originates in an aspect indicated as common to the whole of the provinces which formed the Brazilian Empire: public deficit, tax S abusive, national debts high and trade agreements which did not hold in account of the interests of the regional Oligarchie S, among other points enumerated in the Manifeste . In this manner, the content of the document sought to show that the conflict was not to be seen like a problem of regional nature, but well as a national fact of dimension because the centralizing policy adopted by the Court bound all the provinces to its private interests.
The control of the administrative loads in the provinces, whose nominations were made by the Court, guaranteed to him an unquestionable support for all the decisions taken or to take, without considering the negative impacts on the local interests. To that, the control of the judicial Power was added, preventing any inclination of local autonomy.
Piratini was proclaimed capital new Republic, which owes him also the name of République of Piratini .
Victories and defeats continued to occur from one camp to another, of the republicans to the legalists, always directed by Bento Manuel Ribeiro. With the assistance the Flotilla ordered by Grenfell, the troops of Ribeiro obtained an important victory over the island of Fanfa, on the Rio Jacuí. At the time of this combat, Bento Gonçalves was made prisoner and envoy in Rio de Janeiro. In the same action were also captured the chiefs farroupilhas Onofre Pires, Tito Lívio Zambecari and Pedro Boticário.
Farroupilhas weakened a little more with the proclamation of the Republic, because many Chimangos (liberal moderate) gave up the movement and passed on the side legalist. It was the case of Manoel Luís Osório.
However, the situation changed in 1837. Pressed by the House of Commons of Rio de Janeiro, the Feijó Regent decided to fight hard the Révolution. He named the Brigadier Antero de Brito chair and military Commander of the province and ordered a strong persecution of the rebels. The Prison S filled more than of reason; notable sympathizers of Farroupilhas were expelled of the capital of the State; Fonctionnaire S named by the preceding government were dislocated. In front of this unpopularity which sullied until the reputation with Bento Manuel Ribeiro, of many defections produced in the imperial forces, until that of their chief. Moreover, Bento Gonçalves which had been moved for the Fort of São Marcelo, with El Salvador, had succeeded in escaping with the assistance masonry and took the presidency of the République of Piratini , which had from now on its Hymne, its flag and its Armoiries.
In this context of victories more than of defeats, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Davi Canabarro invaded the Santa Catarina and created the République Juliana or République Catarinense in 1839. Garibaldi, Italy N, was member of the Carbonari, the secret society implied successfully in the unification of Italy. The same year, at the same place, Garibaldi met large the Amour of its Vie. It was called Anna Maria of Jesus Ribeiro, and passed to the posterity under the name of Anita Garibaldi.
The conquest of Laguna gave to Farrapos a port for the importation of the hardware requirement to the continuation of the fight against the legal forces which kept Porto Alegre under their control.
Decline
The succession of the failures led Pedro de Araújo Lima to pay a better attention to the conflict of the South. It sent a powerful squadron of twenty-two ships for Santa Catarina, which destroyed the fleet of Farrapos in the port of Laguna in 1839. These facts marked the decline of Farroupilhas which began consequently in a defensive war. Their capitals changed with the liking of advanced imperial troops: Piratini, Caçapava, Alegrete, Bagé and São Borja.
The takeover of Dom Pedro II with her majority, follow-up of the concession of Amnistie started a movement of defection among Farroupilhas. Crushing the superiority of the Imperial ones - as men and resources - started to influence the sequence of defeats of Farrapos. Although they received a military aid of Fructuoso Rivera, the Argentinian Caudillo , Farrapos missed always more Chevaux, of weapons, Munition S, Vivre S and men.
In November 1842, Luís Alves of Lima E Silva, then baron de Caxias, was named ordering Weapons and chair province of the Rio Grande of São Pedro. The army farroupilha, which, with its apogee, had 3.300 men, was reduced with 1.000 combatants. Until 1845, it lost some even more by the action of Alves of Lima: 100 with the battle of Poncho Verde, 80 with that of Botovi and any sound Infantry of a hundred Blacks to Porongos. This massacre of Blacks answered the proposals of the imperial government which did not want to include them in the amnesty offered. The chief Davi Canabarro had facilitated the business by making them all disarm the day before under the pretext which they could have revolted.
The succession of the routs stimulated the competitions between Farroupilhas, including against proper Bento Gonçalves, shown to be corrupted Dictateur and , and to have financed the Meurtre of an political opponent.
Peace
The negotiations of Paix culminated during the signature of the Paix of Poncho Verde, the February 28th 1845. True honourable peace for Farroupilhas, without real conditions of still supporting a fight which had lasted for ten years, the conciliating position of the imperial government is explained by the existing economic situation in the area of Rio of Plata.
In the Republic of the Plain Provinces - current Argentina there was the government of Juan Manuel of Rosas (1835 - 1852), which projected a federation of States under the hegemony of Buenos Aires. To achieve its goals, it intrigued with the destabilization of the area and contributed to the victory of Manuel Oribe with the presidency of Uruguay.
To ensure the safety of the borders, the Brazilian Empire was to finish some with this war and to satisfy the conditions of insurgent the farrapos or Farroupilhas.
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