Vote for all - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

The vote for all is the principle of expression of the Volonté Populaire. It founds the Souveraineté Peuple in a mode Démocratique. The phrase vote for all appeared in 1765.

History

The Age of Enlightenment

With the the Middle Ages, the French Monarchie was known as of divine Droit. The person of the King was thus Sacré E.

To 18th and 18th centuries, this design is called into question by the philosophers of the Lumières, which dispute the Absolutisme explicitly. These new ideas diffuse in the incipient Public opinion, thanks in particular to the Imprimerie, and the press. It is one of the Cause S of the French revolution.

Among large the Philosopher S of the Lights, John Locke has the first imagined a Séparation of the capacities, which identified however only two capacities, the Executive power and the Legislative power.

Montesquieu, which criticized the Absolute monarchy, extended the principle of the Séparation of the capacities to a third capacity, the judicial Power ( Of the spirit of the laws , 1748). However, Montesquieu, which was a Aristocrate, was not in favor of the vote for all. Jean-Jacques Rousseau criticized the Société of orders in the name of the equality and of the natural Right . He was thus a large partisan of the Direct democracy, and insisted on the benefits of the vote for all. The political personality which developed this idea in the beginnings of the French revolution was Sieyès.

First modern assemblies elected by the vote for all

Corsica

Rousseau was one of the inspirers of the Corsican Constitution of the 1755, which would be the first of the world to have founded the vote for all in a sovereign state, however text of this constitution does not evoke the vote for all. On the other hand, that of the Kingdom anglo-Corsican of 1794 envisages in his article II, 2 a restrictive condition, it was necessary to be landowner to be able to be entitled to vote: " the members of the Parliament will be elected by all the Corsican citizens, of more than 25 years, will be domiciled since at least a year in the piève or the city, and having land goods. ". Revolution inhabitant of Li2ege (1789-1991), all the inhabitants of the Principauté of old Liege of more than 18 years had to elect the deputies with national Convention. -->

The United States

The male vote for all is granted to the white American citizens in 1820, but with restrictions of the censitaire type, dependant on the property.

Extensions of the right to vote towards the vote for all

Universal direct suffrage and indirect

The vote for all is described as direct when the electorate indicates directly its or its representatives. The vote for all is described as indirect when the electorate indicates a restricted college elected people (generally qualified Great Electors), who in her turn names the representatives. For example, the president of the the United States or, in France, the members of the Sénat is designated kind.

Vote for all in France

Chronology

The vote for all was envisaged, in France in the following constitutions:

Constitution of Convention (1793 - 1795): This constitution applied forever but envisaged the application of the male vote for all to the legislative elections and set up the use of the referendum.
Constitution of the Consulate and the First Empire (1799 - 1815): The consular constitution of the 22 frimaire year VIII allowed the recourse to the plebiscite (referendum), of which Napoleon Bonaparte the USA on several occasions, to modify the constitution and to establish the imperial mode.
Constitution of the Second Republic (1848 - 1852): Election of the President of the Republic by the male vote for all. The vote " universel" by the Second Republic in 1848 is established, but it should be noted that it nevertheless excludes the women, the soldiers the clergy and the Algerians. The electorate, up to that point restricted by the vote censitaire, passes from nevertheless from 246.000 to more than 9 million.
Constitution of the Second Empire (1852 - 1870): The recourse to the referendum allowed, thanks to Napoleon III, in the tradition of the First Empire (Napoleon I)
Constitution of the Third Republic (1875 - 1940): Elections of the National Assembly, and, essentially, of the Senate, by the male vote for all.
Constitution of the Fourth Republic (1946 - 1958): Election of the Parliament by the male and female vote for all.
Constitution of the Fifth Republic (since 1958): Election of the President of the Republic (starting from 1962) and of the Parliament to the vote for all and possibility of having recourse to the referendum.

It is it should be noted that a vote which excludes part of the population because of its sex (women) can be interpreted like nonuniversal, since reserved with the men, which is a form of discrimination sexist. Universal direct suffrage: one votes directly to choose his representative.

Limitations with the universality in France

nationality the foreigners cannot vote (although this point is currently prone to debate). There exist also certain particular cases; in practice, deposed French of his nationality between the day of emission of the electoral map, and the day of the vote can vote, whereas it is not French any more.
the age it is necessary to have reached the electoral Majorité (civil and political). The necessary age was lowered to 18 years since 1974 (21 before).
the moral aptitude some Condamné S do not have the right to vote, not to enjoy its civic rights, civil and of family being unworthy of the quality of voter means; considered to be “morally unworthy”.
major in supervision owing to the fact that they do not enjoy their mental faculties, these citizens are unable of political understanding (except if it there with the authorization of the Chef of supervision).
the inscription on the electoral rolls practical condition: the law of November 10th 1997 made it compulsory (inscription of office of the people of French nationality when they reach the 18 years age). In addition, a voter can be registered only on only one Electoral roll, in the commune where its place of residence is .

External bonds

Memory on the elections with the poll, by Mr. de Borda, 1784

Quoted sources

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