Volney

Constantin-François Chassebœuf of Giraudais, count Volney , known as Volney , born the February 3rd 1757 with Craon in Anjou and dead the April 25th 1820 with Paris, is a Philosophe and Orientaliste French. He is regarded as the precursor of the ethnologists, anthropologists and sociologists of the 20th century.

Origin

He was born in a family enracinée in his native province, which condition of plowmen, reached the notability of legal functions. He lost his mother at the two years age and was high far from his father, lawyer distinguished, with whom he never got along. His/her father remaria with Marie-Renee Humfray who took a maternal care of the orphan.

At seven years, his/her father put it at the college Ancenis. He passed from there to the Oratory of Angers, under the name of Boisgiret (or Boisgirais ). His/her father did not want to let to him bear the name of Chassebœuf, which had been for itself a source of thousand nuisances, and to save it gibes of which it had been victim. He was initially known under this patronym in the world; later, at the time of its departure for the East, Boisgirais left this name to take that of Volney , which it was to illustrate.

Boarder in a bookseller of the roadway Saint-Pierre, it met there with Mr. Jeudry, of Ernée, and Yves Besnard.

Of a cold nature, haughty, odd, written this last, Volney was the only one which did not take part in our plays, though there remained about it readily the quiet spectatator during whole hours

One day, it went to find Besnard to ask to him whether it knew a Hebrew professor, wanting, said he, to study this language to announce the errors with which, according to him, the translations of the Bible swarmed. He indeed prepared a work of this nature, but which did not find an editor.

Beginning of career

Rise in Paris

Master of its actions and émancipé at the nineteen years age, and enjoying eleven hundred books of revenue coming from the succession from his mother, it went to Paris to deliver to the study high sciences: Eastern medicine, history and languages. He felt distance for the occupation of lawyer, that his/her father would have wished that he embraced; he does not continue the courses of right which he had already followed to Angers; medicine was appropriate more for its observant spirit; it initially appeared to be intended there, but its speculative genius carried it to scorn the practice.

It was not twenty years old that it enjoyed to penetrate the secrecies of nature, and to discover the reports/ratios which can exist between the moral one and the physique. He devoted himself moreover to the study of the history and the old languages.

Atheism materialist

It is its fragile health which had encouraged it to make medicine. It thus binds friendship with Cabanis at the widow of Helvétius to Auteuil, where it meets Condorcet and took share with the reception Benjamin Franklin, whose spirit, released of prejudices and especially of belief exerted on him a deep impression, then at Holbach, where it sees Diderot. All this confirms it in its Athéisme materialist; he is foreign with any religious sensitivity He went on a journey to Angers at that time, visited Miss Vallée of Boisrenaud for which, he put himself in expenses of spirit and kindness, and which found it supremely unpleasant, left and impertinant.

Voyages

Egypt and Syria

Its Mémoire on the Chronology of Hérodote raises discussions with the Académie of the inscriptions. It was besides the prelude of the most original company of this nature without enthusiasm. A succession of six thousand books him having fallen, it solved to go to visit the Egypt and the Syria, cradle of the opinions and the religious ideas. The political situation of the Turkish empire appeared also an object to him pricking of curiosity.

Envisaging tirednesses and the dangers of such a voyage, it prepared there during one year whole, by accustoming its body to the more violent ones exercises and the hardest deprivations. It finally got under way at foot in the last months of the year 1782. Itself, in the foreword of sound Table of the climate and the ground of the the United States of America , gives an account of the impressions which it tested.

Arrived to Egypt, it hardly went further in Egypt, than Cairo, where it remained seven months. Its most hazardous explorations were a voyage to Suez (24 - July 26th), and some visits with the pyramids. It got information for the surplus near the merchants. The September 26th 1783, it embarked in Cairo for the Syria. It was locked up for eight month in with the monastery of Cophte S of Mar-Hama-el-Chouair there to learn Arabic, and to get information about manners of the tribes. As soon as it was in a position of speaking this language, commune in Egypt and Syria, it traversed these two regions with more advantage than had still done it any traveller. He united boldly with the sheik Almed, wire of Bahir, chief of the tribe of the Ouaidié. He gained the regard of his hosts, but rejected by their extreme frugality, not only refused to fix himself among them as they invited it there, but to even follow them beyond some stages.

The avenger of Hérodote

After an absence of almost four years, it returned in France, and published its relation under the title of Voyage in Egypt and Syria . This work, which as of its appearance made fall the less veracious letters from Claude-Etienne Savary on Egypt, passed consequently for the masterpiece of the kind. One accommodated, thanks to a skilful advertisement, the explorer like new a Christophe Colomb.

This manner of travelling, and especially of describing its voyages, was that of Hérodote, whose Volney had so attentively read the works

Some people however doubted the fidelity of its tables. Ten years after, when the French visited as conquerors Egypt, they recognized for some in Volney an observer exact, enlightened, a sure guide and the only one which never misled them.

Nevertheless, the Voyage in Egypt and Syria had been worth with its author the vote of the empress Catherine II of Russia, which sent to him a gold medal in testimony of its satisfaction; it was in 1787.

The return in Anjou

Become haughty, when its compatriots of Craon wanted to celebrate it in its turn, it wounded everyone by its affected and scornful dumbness; answered Rangeard, which wanted to present it to the Académie of Angers, that the obligations which it provided did not allow him to accept this title; curtly took again those of his/her friends who continued to write to him under the name of Chasseboeuf; and counteracted coarsely those which disputed the least detail of its accounts.

Corsica

Since its return in France, guided by this desire to be useful which was the mobile of all its life, Volney saw all that one could do to improve agriculture in the Corsica island of . It had solved to buy a field in this country, and to be devoted to it to experiments on all the cultures which it believed capacity to naturalize there. The utility of its sights urged the French government to name it directing agriculture and trade of this island; but of other functions retained it in its fatherland.

Turkey, Russia

In 1788, Volney made appear Considérations on the war of the Turks with the Russians . Positive knowledge that it had acquired in its voyage was useful it in this political writing It was for certain, ten years in advance, to make the history of the Expédition of Egypt. Also when Volney made reprint its Considérations , in 1808, this writing obtained same success as in its innovation.

One had highly reproached him for not having envisaged the dangerous ascending one that the expulsion of the Turks of Europe would give to Russia. It was there the main argument which put forward against him the diplomat Charles de Peyssonnel in his critical Examen of the Considerations on the war of the Turks . The European diplomacy knew extremely bad liking in Volney of certain revelations which could pass then for indiscreet; also one parodied the title of his booklet by calling it Inconsidérations .

The French revolution

The Revolution was in the air. Volney which forecast with his/her friends that it traversed the Europe, but that the Italy and the Spain would have their turn before the France, threw itself ardently in the fray as of the advertisement of the convocation of the General states of 1789, choosing for its ground the Brittany, where the revolutionary movement was accentuated more.

The publicity agent in Brittany

He publishes in Rennes (1787 - 1788), in company with Mr. de Monsodive, a political sheet, entitled the Sentinel ; he is collaborator of the encyclopedic Magasin and of the encyclopedic Revue .

November 10th with the December 25th 1788, in five lampoons of a sharp-edged style, appeared the Sentinel of the people and the booklet on the Requirements with the legality of the General states . The last numbers of the Sentinel dealt with Anjou, as well as the Confession of a poor commoner angevin , answer to the Avis with the Third-State , of the abbot Mongodin. These publications were anonymous. But in January or February 1789, appeared the Lettre of Mr. C. - F. of Volney with Mr. count of S… T (Walsh of Tightening) , which denounced by Bodard, prosecutor of the king, by order of the Parliament was burned the April 5th 1789.

Deputy of the Third-State

It had just been elected appointed Tiers state of the seneschalsy of Anjou to the General states of 1789, under the name of C. - F. Chasseboeuf de Volney

On an observation which made Goupil de Préfeln, it hastened to give its resignation of the place which it held of the government (January 29th 1790), professing this maxim which one cannot be agent of the nation and dependant by wages on those which manage it.

The member of Parliament

With the platform of the constituent assembly, Volney showed what it had appeared in its works, which it was to be in all the circumstances of its political life, under popular anarchy, the empire, as after the Restoration: friend marked of public freedoms, sectator of the novel ideas, enemy of all the established worships, but enemy of popular excesses.

Volney was shown, in the constituent Assembly, the dedicated adversary, of what was due to the Ancien Mode

One sees it trying a transaction between those which wanted to attract with them the deputies of the clergy and the nobility and those which persisted in passing to the voices in the verification of credentials, and to rise against eight-close proposed by Pierre Victor Malouet

Named Member of the Commission of study of the Constitution, it does not worry about the riot, so even it does not count on its contest: he wants to call only upon the national guards and proposes to withdraw the disturbers from the ordinary courts to make them judge by a jury. The various petitions, addresses, motions must, following him, being returned to a special subcommittee, not to block the establishment of Convention .

He wants to allot the executive power to the Parliament, to regenerate by new elections the secondary assemblies. He shares the enthusiasm of the voters of Paris who had required the setting in freedom of Bezenval; he attends deprived meetings in which one discusses the subjects with the day order, to his/her friends the secret explanation or the anticipated advertisement of the events or the votes gives.

You have the officers, but we have the soldiers with whom we drink , it counteracts a member of the nobility which is based on the contest of the army. We are still fifty against a , counterpart you it with those which opposed to him the union of the clergy and the nobility.

Confiscation of the goods of the clergy and the royal field that he wanted to make sell in a few months by parcelling out them as much as possible, in order to multiply the small holders.

The suppression of any religious formula in the proclamation of the Human rights returned in its program, as well as the system of voluntary engagements replacing the conscription. It was one of the first to cause the organization of the national guards and the division of France in communes and departments.

In the debates which rose when one agitated the proposal to grant to the king the exercise right of peace and war, Volney was declared for the negative one and ends up proposing the following article, which was adopted:

Up to now, you deliberated for France, in France; today you deliberate in the universe for the universe. The French nation is prohibited as of this moment to undertake any war tending to increase its territory.

Its close friend connection with Cabanis got to him frequent relationship with Mirabeau, Volney was one of the providers of the eloquence of the powerful orator

He was named secretary the November 23rd 1790. He protested the October 20th 1790 against the interpretation given to his absence the day when the question of the blame of the ministers was put. its legislative career finished with that of the National Assembly.

Letter of the Baron de Grimm

After the session closure, Volney made a step which attracted the praises of the dominant party to him and the sarcastic remarks says contrary party. The empress Catherine being declared enemy France, it returned to Melchior Grimm the gold medal which it had received from this princess five years before.

If I obtained it from his regard, I return it to him to preserve it, said it in the letter which accompanied the reference

Grimm addressed to him Coblentz (January 1st 1792) an answer very filled of sarcastic remarks of unjust personalities, and written of a so prickly style that one could allot it to Rivarol.

Corsica in 1792

In 1792, it accompanied Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo in Corsica; where it was called by inhabitants who exerted a great influence there, and who called upon the help of his lights. It hoped there to carry out, like ordinary person, the projects of agricultural improvement that four years before it had been flattered to operate there as administrator.

It made make, with its expenses, of the tests of culture in the field of the Confina, field which it had bought nationally, located close to Ajaccio that he called his the Small-Indies .

All promised has its efforts the happiest results, when the disorders that Pascal Paoli caused, in, this island, obliged Volney to move away. For him, at the end of one year, its illusions had fallen. Its field was put at the Encan by this same Paoli, which had at one time gives the insurances of its friendship to him. The annoyances, the baffles, the threats, him returned the stay of the island increasingly unbearable.

During its stay in Corsica, Volney became acquainted with Napoleon Bonaparte, which was yet only artillery officer.

On its return to Paris, in March 1793, Volney had to satisfy the questions of the executive council and of the defense committee general on the average soldiers and the political provisions of the inhabitants of Corsica It found in France the Terreur, and did not decide for any party. He proposed to the Belgians, to the Corsicans and to other people which would like to enjoy the benefits of the Revolution, of the French civils servant. He blamed the federalism.

Catechism of the French citizen

He offered to the Girondins, like consolation with his judgment of the federalism, his Natural law, or Catechism of the French citizen (in-16, 1793), a treaty of morals. In the collection of works of Volney, the titrated second of this important work, in spite of his little of extent, made place with this one: physical Principles of morals . Indeed, the author knew to show that morals is a science, so to speak physical and material, subjected to the rules and calculations of the exact sciences, and that it has of another goal only the conservation and the improvement of the mankind.

A biographer said that was to prove that it was not worthy of the qualification of heretic that Volney, on its return of Corsica, published this small work. He is righter to observe than this production establishes anything neither for nor against catholicity Volney; but it proves at least that he was not atheistic , because the first character which he recognizes with the natural law is to be “ the constant and regular order by which GOD governs the universe ”.

Return in the West

It left for the Western France with mission of taking information on agriculture, the trade and arts, in the departments of the Manche, the Ille-et-Vilaine, the Loire-Inférieure, the Maine-et-Loire and the Mayenne. It was to also deal with returning the navigable Oudon until Segré.

Literary occupations

In the middle of its legislative work, Volney contributed, in 1790, for a price which had proposed the Académie of the inscriptions on the Chronologie twelve centuries former to the passage of Xerxès in Greece ; and, though no other work had been sent, it did not obtain the price.

Ruins, or Meditations on the revolutions of the empires

September 13rd, 1791, the Moniteur announced the appearance of a work entitled the Ruins, or Meditations on the revolutions of the empires , work quite suitable to interest curiosity , said the advertisement. September 25th, the volume placed on the desk of the National Assembly, was deposited with the files, and on October 12th, the Moniteur inserted the chapter of the Ruines where, in the form of vision, the author claims to give an account of the contemporary events.

The idea first of this work had been conceived in the cabinet of Benjamin Franklin. The author puts himself in scene on the ruins of Palmyre; and there it is devoted to deep meditations on the destruction of so much of empires with which them colossal power seemed to promise an eternal duration, and which did not obey less about it this natural law which wants than all perishes.

In this same work, Volney establishes the need for the religious tolerance, recognized today by all the enlightened spirits. When then he speaks about the diversity of the religious opinions, if seemingly opposite.

Lastly, one reproached the author of the Ruines for having allotted to the various religions characters to which their sectateurs would not always recognize them. The Ruines do not pass from there less for one of the most remarkable productions of the modern literature of the 19th century.

The Terror of 1793

Volney was invariably attached to the doctrines which it had emitted in 1789, it liked the republican mode, it blamed only the license and the crimes of 1793. He dared to decide against the events of May. Imprisoned then like royalist, him that at one time one had shown to be a Jacobin. Although burning republican, it is imprisoned with the Force during the Terreur. He manages to be made transfer to the Pension Belhomme under pretext of disease, then in that of Picpus, of which he is released in September 1794, at the end of one year, following the fall of Robespierre.

The Teacher training school

At that time this teacher training school intended was instituted to train professors, to establish the best methods and the unit of the doctrines (1794).

Volney was called with the pulpit of history; and its lessons, which attracted an immense contest of listeners, became one of the most beautiful titles of its literary fame. He professed that the historical certainty is almost impossible, even for the reality of the existence of Jesus-Christ, says he elsewhere, and that in any matter, it is necessary to keep the way open to a change of opinion. The School was transitory.

America

Forced to stop its course by the removal of the Teacher training school (1795), Volney, too young still to condemn itself at rest (it had hardly thirty-eight years), disciple the Franklin one, solved to go to visit the the United States, and to observe there before Tocqueville, a true experiment of freedom

Americans

Washington accepted it with honor and publicly gave to Volney honourable marks of its confidence and its friendship. It have also a literary quarrel on its arrival. The doctor Priestley, who was then in this country, had published a lampoon in which it takes Volney with part, treating it of atheist, ignoramus, Chinese, hottentot. Volney answered with an ironic courtesy, pointing out testimonys of regard which it had received from its contradictor, and taking care besides not to discuss any point of doctrines.

It was not the same of John Adams which was elected, in 1797, president of the United States. The author of the Ruines had frankly criticized the book of the Défense of the constitutions of the United States, that this magistrate had published a few months before his promotion.

Indeed, the president of the congress did not forgive with his detractor. Volney, which had taken the resolution to be fixed at the United States, was seen obliged to leave them in spring of 1798. A epidemic of animosity had protested against the French, like he says it itself, and did everything to envisage a rupture open between the two republics.

II is to be noticed that while at the same time Volney was in hillock with persecutions of the congress relative to the occupation of the Louisiana, it was exposed to the Animadversion French diplomats, who reproached him for professing the opinion that the Louisiana was not appropriate under any report/ratio for France.

It gave only in 1803 its Tableau of the climate and the ground of the United States of America , acknowledging which it did not dare to publish the study of manners, the legislation and the policy of this country which could have caused hatred and persecution.

The return in France

On its return in France before the July 17th 1798, his/her father having died during his stay in America, it bought a country house around Paris, of the product of the sale of its goods inherited in Mayenne.

The Institute

In its absence, it had been named by the Directoire the December 6th 1795 member of the Institute in the class of the Sciences morals and policies which had just been formed; and, until the re-establishment of the French Academy, it was associated with the class with sciences morals and policies, section of the analysis of the feelings and the ideas. He, had been also elected by his compatriots of Mayenne and of Maine-et-Loire to the elections of vendémiaire year IV, but, warned or not of this choice, he did not hold any account of it, either to accept it, or to refuse it. One gave him a substitute the April 10th 1797.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Volney made find Napoleon Bonaparte which it had recontré in Corsica, to lunch at his place with Larevellière-Lépeaux: the conversation of Bonaparte struck this director, who presented it the following day to the director Paul Barras, by the protection of which the officer relieved recovered his rank.

Volney was that which, at the beginning of the year 1794, had diverted the future emperor, then private of its rank, to go to seek service either in Turkey, or in Russia. Bonaparte had very tried to be reinstated: nothing had succeeded. At the time of the Forwarding of Egypt, Volney in an article of the 26 brumaire year VI, guessing the projects of the conqueror, envisaged his share a walk through Syria on Constantinople. It inserted even in the Moniteur of the 7 frimaire year VII, an article which mystified to serious historians.

18 brumaire

With the 18 brumaire, it assisted of all its efforts the results of this day. One can even believe that it was number of the characters who prepared this revolution; it was then extremely dependant with the Bonaparte general.

After the 18 brumaire, Bonaparte had the thought to give itself Volney like third Consul, then as Minister of Interior Department. Volney refused, and was only let appoint senator. There refused, but remained the confidant, the friend, the doctor even of the First Consul. Member of the senate as of the creation of this body, vice-president a little later, it attended the Malmaison and the Tuileries.

Rupture with Bonaparte

The dissidence of their opinions burst mainly at the time of the clergy, to which the First consul prepared to return part of its influence. Some time after, Volney, in a secret council, less strongly did not decide against the Expédition of Santo Domingo, from which it envisaged all the disasters. It was not long in realizing that its frankness displeased and that one did not accommodate it any more with the Tuileries with same cordiality; but it did not worry any. Lastly, when Bonaparte wanted to exchange consular dignity against the imperial crown, the austere senator allowed himself to say to him that better would be worth to bring back the Bourbon S .

He sent even his resignation of member of the senate; but this resignation, which did such an amount of noise in Europe, was not accepted. Yielding to the affectionate requests of the new sovereign, obeying besides a senatus consult which carried that the senate would not receive the resignation of any of its members, Volney continued to sit in this assembly; but it formed part constantly, with Lanjuinais, Cabanis, Destutt de Tracy, Collaud, Garat, etc, of this weak minority which was opposed vainly.

Empire

The imperial Senate

He is vice-president of the imperial Senate, where he is opposed to the policy of Bonaparte and his Concordat. It forms with others “ ideologists ” the opposition to the emperor. He was Club of Encyclopédistes which met at Mrs Helvétius, then at Cabanis, making opposition in room and epigrams.

The emperor honors it however and the title of count of empire concedes to him. Volney was also let decorate with the title of count and commander of the Legion of honor; but, little touched of all these honors, to some extent obliged, he did not forgive.

Studies

II was held generally foreign, under the Empire, with the movement of the public affairs and only appeared with the senate very seldom. He lived with Paris, Rue of Rochefoucauld, a house of Egyptian style. It is there that Volney was nothing any more but man of letters. He spent his days delivered to the study there more obstinate. The examination and the justification of the Chronology of Hérodote , of many and deep research on the history of the oldest people, then occupied this scientist, who had observed their monuments and their traces in the countries that they had lived.

He gives his resignation of senator, and withdraws political scene under the Empire. He is class of Langue and Literature Frenchwomen to the organization of 1803; one allots to him the armchair of the abbot of Radonvilliers.

A late marriage

Hardly carried on the fair sex, remained unmarried until in 1810, there marries on late cousin Miss Gigault with whom he will live “ in a polished agreement. ”. Since its marriage, it had had to give up its dwelling of the street of Rochefoucauld. It especially acquired of a hotel located Rue of Vaugirard, remarkable by the approval of an extremely wide garden. There remained bourru and gloomy for the rest of the world.

Works

Table of the climate and the ground of the United States of America

In 1803, it published the Tableau of the climate and the ground of the United States of America . The study which the author had made of medicine gives him the advantage of being able, in deep observer, to judge climate, to analyze the properties of the air and to some extent to trace the medical statistics of this country.

It is only in some of its forewords that it arrives to him sometimes of speaking about him. That of sound Tableau of the United States offers especially invaluable details on the persecution which it had tested in this republic

The Chronology

Volney developed its ideas in chronology in several writings published at various times. One with considering higher than it was occupied in 1790; it gave a new form to its old work under the title of Supplément in Hérodote of Larcher , Paris, 1808, memory where many things are gathered on eighty pages.

Using the chronological Tables made by Skinflint, in favor of the Academy of the inscriptions, for ten centuries before the Christian era, the fixed author with a rigorous precision at year 625 before this era the central sun eclipse which, according to the account of Hérodote, was formerly predicted by Thalès.

The analysis and the bringing together of some passages of the Greek historian are enough with the critic to indicate with an equal certainty year 557 like exact date of the Prise Sardinians and fall of monarchy Lydienne. From these two well noted dates all the chronology rises easily from the kings mèdes and the Lydian kings. The demonstration appears without counterpart, to judge some by there answer even as made Larcher there.

It continued same work on the whole work of Hérodote; and, the following year (1809), it published on this subject a new essay having for title: Chronology of Hérodote . These two works, joined together by the author in the second volume of its new Recherches on the history /ancienne , were reprinted in 1814 (2 vol. in-8°), without another change that the suppression of some personalities against Larcher, towards which Volney was not shown just than Larcher itself had been it towards him.

New research on the old story

The new Recherches on the old story are still composed of the examination of antiquities of the Perse, of the Judaea, the Babylonia, etc Volney tackles openly the testimony of the holy Livres , and discusses them with as much freedom than the sources profane history.

The linguist

The same observation applies to its immense work to the simplification of the Eastern languages, important subject which had already occupied the genius of Leibniz. On the basis of this truth, that the various signs of the language must represent the various sounds, Volney had conceived the project of a single alphabet. He claimed, according to the various characters of their idioms, to judge their knowledge in morals, legislation, literature; because the signs which people admit in his language are necessarily those of its ideas. He belongs only to the people poured in the Eastern languages to appreciate under the report the possibility and the advantages of this system.

Serious objections were addressed by Orientaliste S, such as Langles and Antoine-Isaac Silvestre of Sacy, in Volney, which answered them by critics enough sharp; but it had for him the vote little ambiguity of the Académie of Calcutta, which, leaving separately passions governments, registered it with the number of its members, in 1798, with most extremely of the fight between France and the England.

Volney developed its system in four works; the first, heading Simplification of the Eastern languages, or Method new and easy to teach to the languages Arab, Persian and Turkish with European characters , were published in 1795. The epigraph, drawn from the Quoted of God of Saint-Augustin, gives a sufficient idea of the object of the book:

The diversity of the languages, said this Father of the Church, is a partition wall between the men; and such is the effect of this diversity, which it makes null the perfect conformity of organization that they hold of nature.

the preliminary speech passes for a model of style. Volney, whose wide spirit considered all the questions under the highest reports/ratios, there consequently predicted the total subversion of the colonial system of Europe, the stamping from all America and the formation of new States intended to compete with the old ones on the Atlantic Ocean.

Ten years afterwards, it made appear in various collections a Rapport makes with the Celtic Académie on the Russian work of Mr. professor Pallas: Vocabularies compared of the languages of all the ground , Paris, 1805. This report/ratio, Volney made succeed, fourteen years later, a work well differently important for the simplification of the languages: the European Alphabet applied to the Asian languages, works elementary useful to any traveller in Asia (Paris, 1819) Enfin, it had completed to develop it in a work which appeared in 1820, a few months after its death, but of which it had re-examined all the tests. This book has as a title the Hebrew simplified , a vol. in-8°.

To supplement the list of the various writings of Volney on the study of the languages, we will still quote:

Vocabulary of the language of the Miamis (wild people of America) , which makes following the Tableau of the climate and the ground of the United States;
Speech on the philosophical study of the languages, read with the French Academy in a particular meeting two Letters with Mr. count Lanjuinais on the antiquity of the alphabet phenician (1819);
Seen new on the Eastern language teaching , printed for the first time in the eighth volume of complete works of Volney. ;
Questions of statistics to the use of the travellers , drawn up in 1795, under the auspices of the French government, to guide in their observations the diplomatic agents; they were reprinted in 1813.

Restoration

Volney had adhered, on April 1st 1814, with the forfeiture of the emperor, of which it envisaged the fall for a long time; it was, the June 4th according to, called with peerage by Louis XVIII. It had some concerns with the return of the prisoner of the Isle of Elba and was forwarded at small days to Anjou, but, quickly reassured, returned in the capital.

It was not with the number of the pars named by Napoleon i during the Hundred Days; also it continued, after the Second restoration, to sit in the hereditary room. It never appeared with the platform, the weakness of its body not allowing it to him; but, in its votes, it was faithful to the principles that it had professed all its life.

Its most frequent relations were with Metterie, Lanjuinais at which he scoffed the devotion, Boissy d' Anglas, Daunou, of Broglie, Chaptal. Its interior was more modest and its simple strong tastes. It had come from there to almost also hate the republican government, the imperial government and the royalty, but with moderation.

With the remainder, the dignity of which it was covered did not leave give an importance very particular to a work that it published in 1819, when it was one moment question of the sacring of Louis XVIII. This book had as a title: History of Samuel, inventor of the sacring of the kings, followed by series of questions of public law on the ceremony of royal oiling .

In its last years, one of his/her friends congratulated it on his letter with Catherine II:

And me I repented it, says it with the sincerity of a true philosopher. If, instead of irritating those of the kings who had shown provisions favorable to philosophy, we had maintained these argument sitions by a wiser policy and more moderated control, freedom had not tested so many obstacles, nor not cost such an amount of blood.

End

It was hardly 63 years old when it died, the April 26th 1820 without to have asked the helps of the religion. Its funerals, which took place with Saint-Sulpice, were honoured with the ceremonies of this Catholic religion of which it had so often tackled the dogmas and of which it did not claim the consolations, it was buried with the Cimetière of the Father-Lachaise.

Homages

Bush-hammered, director of the Academy, pronounced on the coffin the words of wise. Three months after (August 20th 1820), the praise of Volney was made in front of the Academy by of Pastoret, its successor. Daru, executor of Volney, had pronounced its praise the preceding June 20th within the Chambre of the pars.

Its tomb, a pyramid, is with the Cimetière of the Father-Lachaise (division 41) in Paris. It was engraved several resembling portraits of Volney; the best is that of Alexandre Tardieu, according to a bust of David. A bronze statue was drawn up in 1898 with Craon, close to the station.

Volney had been made an escutcheon: sand to the ancient ruins of money overcome of an of the same swallow, flying bandages of it; and a currency: Posside animam tuam .

The price Volney is decreed by the Institut of France on proposal of the Académie of the inscriptions and the humanities with a work of compared Philologie.

Publications

We indicated all the works of Volney, except for the Physical status of Corsica , published for the first time in the edition of 1826, and which is completely independent of the Précis of the actual position of Corsica .

Volney was collaborator of the encyclopedic Revue . It had inserted several articles in the Moniteur during the French revolution, inter alia the official report of alleged the Entrevue of Bonaparte and several Muphti S and imans in the interior of the Grande pyramid . This assumption, which mystified much the Directory, induced in error more than one biographer of Napoleon ( Moniteur of the 7 frimaire year 7).

In 1788, Volney had published in Rennes a sheet entitled the Sentinel .

Voyage in Syria and Egypt, during the years 1783, 1784 & 1785 , Paris, 1785, 1787;
Considerations on the current war of the Turks , London, 1788;
Of the Requirements to the legality of the General states , Paris, 1788;
Letter of Mr. C. - F. of Volney with Mr. count of S… T. , Paris, 1788;
Chronology twelve centuries former to the passage of Xercès in Greece , 1790;
Ruins Or Meditations On the Revolutions Of the Empires, By M.Volney, Deputy with the National Assembly Of 1789 , Geneva, 1791. ;
the natural law or Cathéchisme of the French Citizen , Grenoble, 1793;
Precise of the actual position of Corsica (1793);
Simplification of the Eastern languages, or new and easy method. To teach to languages Arab, Persian and Turkish, with European characters , Paris, 1795, in-8°;
Letter to Priestley , 1795;
Lessons of history pronounced at the Teacher training school, in year III of the French Republic . Paris, 1799;
Table of the climate and the ground of the the United States of America Followed explanations on the Florida, the French colony with the Scioto, on some Canadian colonies and the Savages , Paris, 1803;
Report/ratio submitted with the Celtic Academy on the Russian work of Mr. professor Pallas. “Compared Vocabularies of the languages of all the ground” , Paris, 1805;
new Research on the old story , Paris, 1808;
Supplement in Hérodote of Mr. Larcher , Paris, 1808;
Chronology of Hérodote, conforms to its text, in refutation of the assumptions of its translators and its commentators , Paris, 1809, Bossange, 1821;
Questions of statistics to the use of the Travellers, Paris, 1813;

History of Samuel, inventor of the sacring of the kings; fragment of an American traveller . Paris, 1819, Bossange, 1820, 1822;

the European alfabet applied to the Asian languages. Simplification of the Eastern languages. The Hebrew simplified by the alfabetic method , Paris 1819, 1826;

Speech on the philosophical study of the languages, read with the Academy of Science , Paris 1820;

the simplified Hebrew, containing a first test of grammar, and a plan of the Dictionary, written without Hebraic letters, and however conforms to Hebrew, with new sights on the Eastern language teaching , Paris, 1820;

Letters of Mr. de Volney with Mr. the Baron de Grimm, followed answer of this last , Paris, 1823;

ruins or Meditation on the revolutions of the Empires. Preceded by a note by the Count Daru , Paris, 1826;

Works chosen, preceded by a Note on the life of the author (by Adolphe Bossange). Ruins. - The natural law. - History of Samuel , Paris, 1821, New edition, Lebigre Brothers, 1836. A Note on the life and the writings of G. - F. Volney , by Adolphe Bossange, is at the head edition of the complete Œuvres of Volney , published at Bossange, 8 vol. in-8°, Paris, new edition, but less complete, Paris, 1837, large in-8°;

complete Works. Preceded by a Note on the Life and the Writings by the Author, Firmin-Didot, 1954.

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