Like the majority of vertebrate, the Oiseau X emit vocal sounds. The Man differentiates good number of these sounds and their gave a particular name, for example roucoulement, squawking, cancanement. When these sounds appear mélodieux with the human ear, they are indicated under the term of Chant S. In Ornithologie, one extends the term of song to all the “calls” emitted in seen to communicate. In addition the Passeriformes, if they are called “songbirds”, are not the only ones with being able to vocalize.

Definition

Generally the bird chatters, sings, chirps, jabote, pépie, piaille, pad, warbling. The squawking is a short call, oisillons them piaillent to claim beakful. The chirp is a small song. Pépiement is a series of small short cries, not very sound. The prattle is a repetitive song which resembles an account of the human ones. The distinction between song and cries is somewhat arbitrary. One however regards the songs as longer and more complexes. The most complex singing exercises are always used for the preludes in love. The other sounds are used to express a threat, the fear or to announce its authority on a territory. The cry of a bird expresses sometimes a call, a threat, the fear, a signal of warning or a request. Certain species of birds are able to imitate the other birds. The starling X can imitate bits of songs in particular those of the oriole, which can divert certain observers. The Rousserolle verderolle includes in its repertory of the songs of tens of birds of which certain species that it meets in Africa lasting its wintering. Most remarkable of these species being the Grackle S and some Psittacidae which can even imitate the man.

Social role

The majority of the species sing, the species which never sing, like the storks, make exceptions rather. The Nightingale S and the Passeri are recognized for their song. In fact the males sing in general to allure the females or to mark their territory. They thus sing generally in spring in the boreal areas, but the species which raise two brooded per season, like the troglodytes, sing between brooded.

Alarms

August 1st

Capacity to learn the sounds

August 1st

Bodies

The producing body of sound

The avian vocal body is called the syrinx . It is a cartilagineuse structure at the bottom of the Trachée which has two cavities or houses. This structure, to which are added for certain species, an air pocket forming a case of resonance, vibrates produces sounds while making change volumes of the membranes of the cavities. The birds can order the vibrations of each cavity independently what makes it possible certain species simultaneously to produce two notes.

The brain

On the 23 S of birds, only three orders gather birds with the capacity to learn their singing exercises, the Trochiliformes , the Passeriformes , the Psittaciformes . They learn in a way rather similar to the way in which the Enfant S learn how to speak. They must memorize the sounds and reproduce them in a good context. It was shown, on the other hand which the Galliformes reproduce the sounds only one innate way.

These three orders of birds are not however very close their adaptations are similar. It was shown that these birds use the seven same surfaces of their Cerveau to vocalize and that these surfaces are not present for the species of the other orders. This raises a question about the evolution of the birds. Either they inherit all a common ancestor having these faculties, lost for the other orders, or it acts of a evolutionary Convergence “normal” related to the structure of the brains of the birds.

The latter is, according to certain authors, an example of evolutionary Convergence, this phenomenon is identical to the resemblances observed at the Cétacé S and the Homo sapiens . This similarity is studied to include/understand how some mammals developed the capacity to vocalize to be expressed.

The diamonds mandarins are very much used to study the capacities of interpretation of the sounds by the brain in the birds, thanks to their capacity to be recognized and react to the songs of their congeneric. Their songs are innate.

Related aptitudes

The birds have a system of hearing less sophisticated than that of the mammals and, except exceptions, not of external body, but however lay out for some of them an extremely fine hearing. Certain species are able to recognize the vocal signature of other individuals, even after several months, as the couples of Manchot S are able to be recognized among hundreds of individuals.

The study of the singing exercises

The man can recognize certain vocalizations and reproduce them since thousands of years. This capacity enables him to identify the bird and to even mislead it - it was also useful to him for hunting. The Appeau X are lures which imitate the singing exercises in order to attract birds to drive out them. The Man sought besides to reproduce these singing exercises with some Automate S at the 17th century.

It is however only recently that the Man seeks with better knowing the significance of these vocalizations.

The first recording of song was made by Ludwig Koch in Germany in 1889. The following one by the American biologist Sylvester Judd in 1898. The recording in natural environment presents many engineering problems related to the insulation of the sound. The first recording of good quality in natural environment was carried out only in 1932 when a team of the Université Cornell directed by Arthur Allen developed the instruments and the techniques necessary. After having isolated the songs, this team made them listen with other birds and observed the reactions of those. Today, one analyzes directly the Sonogramme S.

Anthropology

In the European Antiquity and several Legend S, one lends to the birds the capacity to speak. They become then messengers, spies. In Africa, songs and cries are interpreted and translated by certain people which draw a particular significance from it, that it is harmful or positive. The birds producing these cries are then regarded as beneficial or malefic.

Certain species of birds are also high out of cage since antiquity in the single objective to distract by their songs. To obtain better songs, the bird is isolated so that its stress pushes it to sing more extremely and longer. It is for example the means used to make speak the Psittacidae and the Mainate S which imitate the Man by fear of loneliness. Because of this appreciated aptitude, poachers capture many wild specimens for the sale. In spite of measurements of protection, certain species are threatened.

Characteristics

It should be noted that certain species emit nonvocal sounds of communication like crumplings of wings, or thanks to pockets of skins as the Gélinotte S. Certaines species are also able to make use of echolocation like the Salangane S or the Guacharo of the caves.

See too

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