The Esperanto, although being a language " construite" , car its lexical bases of the European languages: it is what is called a built language a posteriori . Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, the initiator of Esperanto, took care that the loans are varied and if possible commun runs with several languages. Thus, the days of the week come from the French: lundo , mardo , merkredo , ĵaŭdo , vendredo , dimanĉo , but Saturday says sabato . The months of the year come from German: Januaro , Februaro , Marto , Aprilo , Majo , Junio , Julio , Aŭgusto , Septembro , Oktobro , Novembro, Decembro ; units of time of the two languages: sekundo , minuto , tago (der Tag: the day), semajno , monato (der Monat = the month), jaro (das Jahr = the year), hieraŭ (" hier"), but hodiaŭ (of Latin hodie ) for today , and morgaŭ (of German morgen ) for " demain". However, come primarily from the Latin of many names of parts of the human body ( hepato, okulo, brako, koro, reno… ) and names of the animals and the plants (thus, lupo for the wolf, Canis lupus in Latin).
In other cases, the languages had diverged too much. Zamenhof then preferred to put all the speakers at equality. This method, which consists in not privileging any language, obliged it has to create new words: for example, the figure 5 ( five French , five English , fünf in German, пять in Russian) does not have a common form; Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof has thus invented the word Esperanto kvin (however drawn from quinque Latin ).
Zamenhof sought the regularity and the euphony of Esperanto, without laying down precise rules for the loans which it made with the European languages and choices that it has fact are in big part arbitrary: for the loans with French or English, it sometimes privileged the orthography, sometimes the pronunciation: for example " soifi" , comes from French " soif" , but " decides; so-i-fi" , whereas " ĵurnalo" decides like " journal" , but has a different orthography; " teamo" comes from English " team" but decides differently; (it is true that " timo" was already taken by a word of Latin origin (timo = fear) but " mitingo" the pronunciation of origin begins again; when Zamenhof took a French term comprising CH , it generally transformed it by using the letter ĉ (to pronounce tch ) (" acheter" becomes " aĉeti" , " chicaner" becomes " ĉikani"), but that is not constant: " changer" says itself in Esperanto " ŝanĝi".
The European origin of the vocabulary incontestably facilitates the training of Esperanto for the speakers of a European source language in general and in particular for the French-speaking people, but does not represent an insurmountable obstacle with the world diffusion of the Esperanto, as the example of the China shows it where Esperanto was quickly diffused at the beginning of the twentieth century.
Lexical loans
Some examples:- Loans with the Romance languages: 70% of the vocabulary, in particular much of loans to French
- French : See the paragraph detailed below
- Latin: abio (fir tree), sed (but), tamen (however), okulo (eye), hepato (liver), akvo (water), IOM (a little) sed (but), vulpo (vulpes = fox)
- Italian: ĉielo (sky), fari (to make), voĉo (voice)
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Romance Languages in general: amiko (amico, friend), facila (easy), fero (iron), will tra (through), verda (green)
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Loans with the Germanic languages: 20% of the German vocabulary
- : anstataŭ (anstatt = instead of), from where the verb anstataŭi (to replace), baldaŭ (bald = soon), bedaŭri (bedauern = to regret), danki (danken = to thank), halti (halten = to stop), jaro (Jahr = year), kino (Kinn = cinema), knabo (der Knabe = the boy), nur (nur = only), hundo (Hund = dog), fraŭlino (Fraulein = Miss), - N of the accusative, Ge (rassemblemant of the two sexes, - in (mark of the female sex)
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English : birdo (bird = bird), helpi (to help = to help), splashes (in splashes off = in spite of), suno (sun = sun), teamo (TEAM = team), jes (yes = yes) lasta (last = last), najlo (nail = nail), ŝarko (shark = shark) kato (cat = cat), ŝuo (shoe = shoe) ŝi (she = it), ŝipo (ship = boat), profesoro (professor = professor)
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Germanic Languages in general: bildo (Bild = image), fiŝo (fisch = fish = fish), fremda (fremd = foreign), grundo (Grund = reason), halti (halten = to stop), hasti (to hurry), " lerni" (German " lernen" , English " to learn" = to learn) ofta (oft = often = often), somero (summer = To summon = be), vintro (Winter = winter = winter), " forgesi" (English " to forget" = German " vergessen" = to forget)
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Loans with the Slavic languages:
- Polish : celo (goal), ĉu (?), krado (grid), luti (to weld), moŝto (seigniory)
- Russian: barakti (барахтаться = to struggle), serpo (серп = bill hook), vosto (вост = tail of animal) (не = negation) - rear (ар = mark of the group)
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Slavic Languages in general: klopodi (to test), krom
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Loans with other Indo-European languages
- Greek old: kaj (and), biologio (biology), politiko (political), - J (termination of plural) and much of scientific terms
- Lithuanian: of (two), tuj (immediately)
- Sanskrit: Budho (Buddha), nirvano (Nirvana)
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Loans with other nonIndo-European languages
- Lappish: boaco (reindeer)
- Japanese : animeo (アニメ), aikido (合気道), cunamo (津波), ĉanojo (茶の湯 → 茶道), ĉirimeno (縮緬), eno (円), goo (碁), hajko (俳句), harakiro (腹切り → 切腹), haŝioj (箸), hibakŝo (被爆者), ĵudo (柔道), kamikazo (神風), kapao (河童), karaokeo (カラオケ), karateo (空手), katano (刀 → 日本刀), kimono (着物), mangao (漫画), noo (能), origamio (折り紙), sakeo (酒 → 日本酒), samurajo (侍), ŝintoo (神道), ŝogio (将棋), ŝoguno (将軍), suŝio (寿司), tankao (短歌), tofuo (豆腐), udonoj (うどん), utao (歌 → 和歌), zorioj (草履), bonsajo (盆栽)
Lexical loans with French
The roots (one uses the term of lexemes ) Esperanto close relations or of origin Frenchwomen (will generally express we them in the infinitive verbal form) can be divided in the following way:- lexemes having the same direction, being written and deciding as in French:
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lexemes having the same direction and the same pronunciation as in French, but from which the orthography is a little different, in particular to respect the phonetic writing. It is thus often necessary to replace the letters C , S , S by respectively K , S and Z , to prune the redoubled letters, to use a letter of substitution for the letters not existing in Esperanto ( Q in particular):
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lexemes having the same direction and the same orthography as in French, but from which the pronunciation is a little different
The nasonnés sounds French amndts-EM-im-om-um and year-in-in-one-a do not exist in Esperanto and decide like heart-éme-ime-ome-oume and ass-éne-innate-one-oune Examples: grimpi (to climb), invested to invest, montri (to show), pensi (to think), inventi (to invent), renversi (to reverse)
The letter E decides like " é" in French) Examples: veni (to come)
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the lexemes from which the pronunciation and the orthography are a little different from French, but whose direction is easily perceptible for a French-speaking person:
Lexemes resembling French, but from which the direction is different, i.e. false-friends.
False-friends in Esperanto
Esperanto being built with a great part of Romance roots, one meets many false-friends between French words and Esperanto. Here are some:-
animo : heart (animal: besto )
- adulto : Adultery (Adult: adolto )
- boato : Boat (box: skatolo )
- bolo : boiling (bowl: bovlo )
- brueto : small noise (Wheelbarrow: ĉarumo )
- buo : Buoy (Mud: koto )
- cervo : stag (Brain: cerbo )
- drapo : Cloth (Flag: flago )
- eliri : to leave (to elect: elekti )
- fali : to fall (to be necessary: necesi )
- fago : beech (faggot: fasko )
- fagoto : bassoon (faggot: fasko to faggot (to make faggots): faskigi ; (to equip with bad taste: fuŝvesti )
- famo : re-elected (Woman - female human being: virino ; wife: edzino )
- filo : wire (thread: fadeno ; wire: drato )
- foresto : absence (Forest: arbaro )
- glaso : Glass (with being drunk): (Ice: glacio for the matter; glaciaĵo for the edible ice)
- imag' : it is the radical “to imagine” and not “image” (which says bildo )
- kapo : head (wraps: kabo )
- kabo : wraps (Chien: hundo )
- will klera : cultivated (clearly: hela )
- kokino : hen (rascal, swindler, rascal, Swindler: fripono )
- korbo : basket, basket (corbel: korvo )
- krampo : hook (Cramp: kramfo )
- lavo : washing (Lava volcanic: lafo )
- ligno : Wood (line: linio )
- marto : March (month of the year) (hammer: martelo )
- muso : Mouse (foam: club-footed. : musko ; mar. : ŝipoknabo ; foam: ŝaŭmo )
- napo : Turnip (tablecloth: tablotuko )
- naked : then (naked: nuda )
- father : by the intermediary (of qqch, qqn; father: patro )
- planko : Floor (cushy job: kaŝejo ; Board: breto )
- prudenta : Wise (careful: singard (EM) has )
- will pura : clean (pure: simpla )
- sabato : Saturday (Sabbath: ŝabato )
- savi : to save (to know: scii )
- servo : service (Brain: cerbo )
- signi : to indicate (to sign: subskribi )
- if : oneself ( if - condition: ; if - assertion: jes ja )
- somero : summer (Summary (list): temaro )
- vero : Truth (Glass (matter): vitro ; Glass (container): glaso )
- voli : to want ( to steal - to plane: flugi ; to conceal ŝteli )
- zum' : radical of “bourdonner”, “fredonner” (Zoom: fokusvaria objektivo )
Also of French origin the suffix - aĵ- is, which indicates a concrete derivative: example: " lano-lanaĵo" (wool-woolen article), " lakto-lakaĵo" (milk-dairy produce), and the suffix - AD , which indicates the repetition: example: " promeni-promenado" (to walk, the walk), " legi-legado" (to read, reading), " paroli-parolado" (to speak, the speech)
System of formation of the words
One of the ideas of Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof to return the training of the Esperanto much faster than that of the national languages was to create a regular and extremely productive system thanks to which, by lexical Composition and the judicious use of Affixe S, the basic vocabulary essential to the communication is drastiquement reduced. It is estimated that on average, from a radical in Esperanto one can deduce the equivalent from ten words in a national language.
Affix S
Esperanto has 42 affixes (10 prefixes and 32 suffixes). The beginner will very quickly be confronted with the prefix badly which enables him to find the Antonyme many words, adjectives or verbs: bleated (beautiful) and malbela (ugly); lumo (light) and mallumo (darkness); friendly (to like) and malami (to hate); Fermi (to close) and malfermi (to open); supren (upwards) and malsupren (downwards).Some Affixe S can play the part of root when a grammatical suffix is added to them: badly (contrary), - and (small), - year (member), - um- (radical of unspecified direction), eble (perhaps), iĝi (to become). In the same way, by lexical composition, the roots can play the part of affix. Thus the verbs vidi (see) and povi (to be able) can combine in vidpova (able to see, i.e. not blind man).
It is frequent that the prepositions are used as prefixes: Al (with, towards) and veni (to come) combines in alveni (to arrive); will senespera (desperate) comes from SEN (without) and from espero (hope).
the prefixes
the suffixes
Note : All these suffixes can be used as root (and get busy often thus): ade (without stop), ege (enormously), ero (element) etc They can be even sometimes used like prefixes: etburĝa menso (mentality " small bourgeois") reĝaj njoknaboj (" mignons" of the king)
Nuances
If the thorough schematism of Esperanto appears sometimes heavy, it often obtains a concision and a density that many languages are obliged to dilute in periphrases. Beside Sam Land year O copied on compatriot , Esperanto has a Sam ide year O (in favor of the same ideal), a Sam klas year O (member of the same class), etc It can also express a whole idea by a compact term:- amantino (a amante)
- aminda (pleasant)
- amema (carried with the love)
- malameti (to test a small dislike)
- avari (to be miserly)
- forflugi (to escape while flying away)
- enlitiĝi (to put itself at the bed)
- japana turisto amuze fotema (a Japanese tourist with tendency to photograph amusing)
- japana turisto pro fotemo amuza (a Japanese tourist amusing by its tendency to photograph)
- gratulinda virino (a woman who deservesto be congratulated)
- envortarigi (to insert in the dictionary - a word, an expression, etc - )
- elvortarigi (to make leave the dictionary - a word, an expression, etc - )
- fervori (to burn heat)
- surtabligi (to put on the table)
- tranokti (to spend the night)
Like any living language, Esperanto include/understand words which belong only to him. Thus, where French authorizes only " rougeoyer" ( ruĝi ) and " verdoyer" ( made green ), Esperanto allows " jauneoyer" ( flavi ), " noiroyer" ( nigri ), " bleuoyer" ( blui ), " grisoyer" ( grizi ), " violoyer" ( purpuri ) " marronoyer" ( maroni ), and so on. In the same way, where French authorizes only " rougir" ( ruĝiĝi ) and " verdir" ( verdiĝi ), Esperanto allows " maronir" ( maroniĝi ) " orangir" , ( oranĝiĝi ), and in the same way ad infinitum. Let us note that even when a new word Esperanto forever used before, it is immediately comprehensible for all the espérantophones world.
Derivation by affixes makes it possible to increase its vocabulary, sometimes beyond what his native tongue is known. The radical vid- (see) corresponds to ten French words: verb to see (and its conjugations: see, saw, will see,…), sight, blind, vision, visual, visible, invisible, panorama, observer, glance,… etc
Special adverbs
In accordance with the Grammaire of Esperanto, one can form an adverb of a radical by adding the final to him - E , for little that the word thus formed has a direction. But they are not the only possible adverbs: there is the different one in particular in this particular table named " tabel-vortoj", as well as the following list (let us note that name " adverbe" is broader than in French, and one will find in this list of the not-qualified words d'" adverbe" in French, such as for example " donc") :- almenaŭ (at least)
- ankaŭ (also)
- ankoraŭ (still)
- aŭ (or, or)
- apenaŭ (hardly)
- baldaŭ (soon)
- C (thus)
- for (far)
- hodiaŭ (today)
- hieraŭ (yesterday)
- jam (already)
- ĵus (just, at the moment)
- kvankam (although)
- kvazaŭ (almost, like if)
- malgraŭ (in spite of)
- morgaŭ (tomorrow)
- nun (now)
- nur (only)
- naked (then)
- plej (le/la more - superlative )
- fold (more - comparative )
- rained (more - negative )
- preskaŭ (almost)
- tamen (however, however)
- tre (very)
- tro (too much)
- tuj (immediately)
Dictionaries of Esperanto
- Plena Ilustrita Vortaro of Esperanto Dictionary of reference
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Reta Vortaro Dictionary in multilingual and collaboratif line under LPG giving the translations of words in Esperanto in many languages.
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Lexicon eo-Fr of 9000 words
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Notons also that there exists Wiktionnaire espérantophone and that French-speaking Wiktionnaire often contains a translation in Esperanto of the words which it includes/understands (sometimes same several in order to make the various nuances possible of the word French).
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