Concept
Significance of the word
The word virtue comes from the Latin word virtus , itself derived from the word to vir , from where we come the words “virile” and “virility”. While to vir is used to name the human individual of male sex, virtus indicates the virile force and, by extension, the value , the discipline opposed to the courage , Synonyme with impulsiveness , " défaut" regarded as primarily Barbarian, illustrated by Caius Marius: " The virtue is the keystone of the empire (Roman), making each second of the life of the citizen, a meticulous preparation with hard realities of the war, and each battle anything else that bloody a entrainement".
Definition
One defines usually the virtue as a Habitus of the will, acquired by repetition of the acts, and which entitles the man to act well.This definition applies to the virtues morals, and in particular for the justice, which has indeed its seat in the will. In addition, it is about a definition by the four causes:
- habitus , kind of acquired dynamism, determines the virtue by its causes formal ;
- of the will names the seat of the virtue, therefore its causes material ;
- acquired by the repetition of the acts watch the origin of the virtue, therefore its causes efficient ;
- which entitles the man to act well names the goal to reach, therefore the causes final .
Division
The human virtues are divided into virtues morals and intellectual. Both are acquired and ordered with a human good properly .In opposition to these last, the theological virtues (faith, hope and charity) are infused and ordered with a divine good properly .
The cardinal virtues , finally, gather the virtues morals of courage, temperance and justice, as well as the intellectual virtue of prudence. It is those around of which all the other virtues morals revolve and are attached.
The virtues morals
The virtues morals are powers which entitle to act well in a given sphere of activity. As follows:- the courage entitles to hold good in the continuation of a difficult good.
- the prudence indicates reasoned control.
- the temperance entitles to use of the measurement which is appropriate in the pleasure of the delectable goods.
- the justice , finally, entitles to return to each one its due.
- courage regulates the combative sensitivity, called irascible .
- temperance regulates the jouissive sensitivity, called concupiscible .
- justice regulates the rational sensitivity, called will .
Intellectual virtues
The intellectual virtues are powers which entitle to reach truth in a given sphere. Also they find sits to them in the reason . One counts usually 5 intellectual virtues: intelligence, science and wisdom on the one hand, and art and prudence on the other hand. The first are speculative , whereas the two others are practical .Speculative
- the intelligence is it by what we seize the concepts and the principles. For example, which is an even number.
- the science is the habitus by which we seize the truth of a conclusion through that of its principles. For example, that six is an even number, since an even number is divisible in two equal integers, and that the number six answers this requirement.
- the wisdom , made intelligence and of science, makes it possible to know the worthiest concepts and conclusions and most difficult. For example, that the number expressing the length on the side of a square whose surface is equal to two is neither even nor odd.
Practices
- the art is a know-how in the order of the things manufactured. It aims at the realization of a good external with the man .
- the prudence is a know-how in the order of the exercise of freedom and to act it. It aims at building the man himself .
The first letter of each of the 5 intellectual virtues can be used to forge the Latin word sapis , which applies to wisdom. What is presented as follows:
- S = Science;
- has = Art;
- P = Prudence;
- I = Intelligence;
- S = Wisdom.
General considerations
The virtue is a notion with the intersection of the units of the Philosophie, Religion and Politique, which is encapsulated at our time by the politically correct , and was formerly defined like the human virtuous one, i.e. that which benefits from the circumstances to act with always the most possible nobility and which has a " good pli" Moral.In traditional stud, taken again by the Judaism hellenized and the Christianity, one distinguishes among all the virtues four cardinal Virtues (from Latin " cardo" , pivot): the prudence, the Temperance, the force and the Justice. One speaks moreover about three " theological Virtues " (faith, hope, charity) in Christianity.
One speaks in addition about three " virtues maçonniques" , namely the tolerance, benevolence and solidarity.
In its Summa Theologica, Saint-Thomas-In Aquin recalls that justice is the only virtue which implies others, all the others being able only to be practiced.
In " The thought chinoise" of Marcel Granet, the virtue has a significance and a value different from those allotted by the Western thought.
Philosophy
Aristote - Cynicism - Stoicism - Nietzsche
Religion
Policy
Régulus Robespierre
See too
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