Violone
The term violone comes from Italian and means “large Viole”. Historically, it does not indicate anything more than one “serious cord instrument rubbed”, which can be with three, four, five or six cords granted regularly or irregularly in third, Quarte or Quinte, in 8' or 16' (that is to say with the same octave as the Violoncelle or than the Contrebasse) and to resemble a large violin or large a Viole.
According to the periods and the places, the exact instrument indicated by this term can strongly vary.
The violone in ground (ground, C, F, D, ground) is, with, the instrument low of the family of the viols. It sounds in 8' feet, i.e. with the same octave as the violoncello. It is granted a fifth in lower part of bass viol and is the ideal instrument for the basic part of a Consort rebirth (in England for example) or of a Basse continues baroque. It also has a role of instrument soloist in the Italian music of the beginning 17th century and allemande during all the 17th century. It will be supplanted by the bass viol and especially the violoncello only at the end of the 17th century when the invention of the cord in spun bowel makes it possible to make sounds also serious with shorter cords on an instrument moreover small size and thus more handy.
For example, Johann Sebastian Bach in its compositions with Coethen, Weimar and Mulhausen, use the violone in ground for its sound qualities: a sound powerful and broad, able to support a whole unit, even a small chorus.
The violone in D (D, ground, C, semi, D) is more rarely used and is the instrument double bass of the family of the viols. It is a viol which sounds with the octave inferior of the viola da gamba in D. It is used for example in Orfeo of Claudio Monteverdi.
Violone also indicates at the end of the 17th century, in Italy, an instrument with four cords granted in fifths, that is to say the Violoncelle or the Basse of violin. For example in the sonatas for violin of Arcangelo Corelli. This meaning of the term is not very frequent.
Lastly, primarily at the 18th century, violone means also Contrebasse or at least indicates an instrument which sounds in 16 feet, that is to say an octave lower than the violoncello. It is for example for the violone Viennese, an instrument with five cords (F, D, fa#, it) which will be written all the concerti for double basses of Vanhal, Dittersdorf or celebrates it air in concert for low, violone and orchestrates Mozart, Per questa bleated mano .
Today, the various types of violone are played by the musicians specialized in old Musique. If a great number play the double bass baroque or traditional, little of them specialize in violone in ground or D.
Bonds
- Site on the historical double bass and the violone
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