Veterinary surgeon
The veterinary is the Spécialiste in the medicine and the Chirurgie of the animal . The diploma of veterinary surgeon is a protected diploma, which allows the exercise of medicine and the surgery of the animals.
Initially formed to look after the animal for production (Bovine S, Ovine S, caprine, porcine, horses) in rural environment and with a purely economic aim, at the time of the Glorious Thirty, the veterinary surgeons had to look after the pet more and more in urban environment. In addition to the maintenance of the animals in good health and under the best conditions to fulfill their functions of production, the role of the veterinary surgeons is important in comparison with the human health: such an amount of to control the communicable diseases with the man directly or indirectly (Zoonose S) which can be very dangerous, such as for example the Rage, the Tuberculose, the Bird influenza or the ESB, which to ensure the sanitary control of the livestock products which use the human consumption. They were the precursors and remain the specialists in the hygiene of the animal food products or animal origin (Miel, Lait, eggs, meat…), and on the basis of food safety.
The “veterinary” term derives from the Latin veterinarius , relating to the beasts of burden.
Various veterinary trades
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canine Expert
It represents today in France the majority of the experts in exercise. He only exerts or in group, within a cabinet or of a private clinic, generally assisted of one or several veterinary specialized auxiliaries (ASV). Very a small number exerts exclusively in residence. Still currently, the men constitute the majority of the experts in exercise, but the profession evolves to a increasing Féminisation, rather often within the framework of a work part-time. Mainly, these experts full-time exert a liberal profession which requires a great availability.
This veterinary surgeon who exerts primarily in urban area, is initially the doctor of the animals. To establish its diagnosis, it calls with the attentive clinical examination and patient of the animal, but also upon many possible complementary examinations: Radiology, echography, electrocardiography, endoscopy, biological examinations starting from Taking away S… It is at the same time, the Anesthésiste and the Chirurgie N of the animals. It prescribes but can also exempt all the veterinary medicinal products necessary to the animal. He is the only professional with good to know them. Its role of nutritionnist is very important. Animal dietetics is powerful today. With his cabinet one finds food adapted at the various physiological stages of the animal and also to his various diseases.
But the role of council of this expert, far from limiting to the Hygiene, the nutrition, includes the questions of reproduction, Génétique and, more and more often, those relating to the ethology, i.e. with the animal behavior and its disorders. The expert also intervenes in the breeding S. It is present at the time of the contests, of the exposures to check good progress of it, in conformity with the medical payments.
The canine expert, if it must certainly know animal psychology well, does not have therefore neglecting that of the owner of the animal: it needs qualities of communication and tact with its customer.
It is thus a general doctor of the animals but if one compares it to the general doctor of the man, one would find a pace of " rather to him; polyspecialist ".
More and more, in particular at the time of exercise in group, a veterinary surgeon looks further into his knowledge, his art in a speciality and thus becomes, in fact, more specialized in such or such discipline. Certain experts developed their activity in the field of the alternative medicines: Acupuncture, Homeopathy, Osteopathy… Already outlined at the European level, a true and officially recognized specialization, is set up in France gradually.
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rural Expert
If one excludes the case of the young veterinary surgeons assistants or paid substitutes, it is a liberal professional. One half-century ago, it constituted crushing it majority of the veterinary surgeons experts. Even if the taboos fall, it is a trade still primarily male at present. In any case a trade which requires a very great availability, a great physical resistance… and which hardly offers possibilities of work part-time! The expert is still often characterized by his vehicle especially fitted out, filled of material and drugs, with which it furrows the country roads. Just like the canine expert, it is a Head of Undertaking which employs of the nonveterinary personnel (secretaries, veterinary auxiliaries specialized…) and which only exerts or groups some with other fellow-members, which often enables him to be better organized.
If he is always the doctor and the surgeon of the animals of the farm, prescriber and enlightened dispenser of veterinary medicinal products, intervening in the event of urgency but also within the framework of follow-ups of breedings and thus of programmed visits, this veterinary surgeon adapted and sometimes even preceded the evolutions by the world of the breeding and, well beyond the prevention and of the treatment of the diseases, he implies more and more like Conseiller technical and medical stockbreeders. Of doctor of the animals, the veterinary surgeon became Engineer of the breeding, delivering his opinion on the design of the buildings, the exploitation of the meadows, the nutrition and the food of the animals, on the programs of reproduction and selection, on the exploitative economy… Some are implied in the Artificial insemination, in the embryonic Transplantation…
It is almost always also veterinary medical exploitations, i.e. veterinary invested of a mandate entrusted by the public authorities, to which it returns account, within the framework of the Prophylaxie and the medical police force of the great contagious diseases of economic importance or of the communicable diseases to the man. This activity often consists of Test S and Prélèvement S in series in the exploitations. It in any case implies it clearly in the public health. But it is the same of the regulation of the drug for which its constant worry is to take care that it is not found indirectly in the plate of the consumer. Finally always in this field of the public health, of the missions of control of the food products (inspection of the slaughter-houses) are sometimes entrusted to him on a purely contractual basis. Thus, even with the daily newspaper in this type of exercise, the veterinary surgeon is a Hygiéniste of the public health.
The evolution of the rural landscape often brings this expert, initially exclusively directed towards the animal for production, with becoming an expert known as mixed, i.e. sharing this activity in connection with the pet.
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To advise in intensive breeding
Certain breedings like those of Poultry S, calf X, and Pig S, are in fact of the workshops of production to which applies an industrial reasoning (optimization of the production, reduction of the losses, improvement of quality). The breedings are placed under the technico-economic and medical control of veterinary surgeon-councils which are either liberal, or paid private firms or co-operatives of stockbreeders.
Here, the image of the engineer of breeding completely replaces that of the doctor of the animals. It is not a question any more of looking after animals individually but of following breedings, generally by regular and programmed visits. We are far from the expert exerting the syringe or the lancet with the hand. The veterinary surgeon-council has four tools: the diagnosis, which call here always upon tests of laboratory, remainder often implemented systematically, the council, the Traitement which, in its medical part, generally calls upon drugs managed collectively in the drink water or even in food, and the technical Formation of the speakers of the breeding.
This mode of exercise does not bar from the emergency intervention but allows usually a better organization of its time.
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Paid drug company
It is a veterinary surgeon who takes part, within generally multi-field, made up teams inter alia professionals, doctors and pharmacists, with the settling or with the production, or even with the marketing of drugs or products of diagnosis intended for the animal… or even for the man.
Its activity, within these pharmaceutical laboratories, can be thus a scientist, corresponding to an research activity in an private establishment. It can be technical… or commercial. These veterinary surgeons generally supplemented their initial training. For example, for an activity of commercial nature within these companies, they can have followed a teaching within a business school.
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Paid agribusiness industry
If one excludes the case of the veterinary surgeons hygienists independent still very few carrying on their activity as consultants for the account of agribusiness industries or food, the veterinary surgeons who exert their trade in these companies are paid. They can thus take part in the design, with manufacture but also with the marketing of factory feedstuffs for animals, animals for production or company. They are then, according to the case, of the kinds of engineers or of sales representatives.
But one can also find them in companies which contribute to the human consumption (cooked dishes for example). Their main concern then becomes the questions of quality, Hygiène and Public health.
These activities are indeed in more or less close relation with the animal world but they generally exceed this field and can relate to the whole of the food products, including those which are not animal origin, even in certain cases of the foodstuff non. The concern of these veterinary surgeons is the satisfaction of waiting of the consumer after identification of his needs. They are " Quality control engineer S ".
They are led to be interested in industrial technology, with the Marketing, the economic Gestion and the Management of the companies. In fact, they is them Méthodologie of approach of the problems, comparable with the behavior of the clinician, who here is sought and developed. A practice of the languages, a direction of the communication is naturally necessary. The training and the diploma of veterinary surgeon constitute an opening in these worlds however distant from that which attends the consulting room of the doctor of the dog…
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Veterinary Inspector of the Public health (ISPV)
The veterinary inspector of the public health is a veterinary surgeon established official. He received a specific additional training within the National school of the Veterinary services, integrated into the School of Lyon, where recruitment is done on contest (ten allowed each year). Its activity is exerted mainly either within the Central administration of the Ministry for Agriculture (in particular Head office of the Food or DGAL), or generally in the departments within Departmental managements of the Veterinary services (DDSV). In the achievement of its missions, the veterinary surgeons inspectors are helped technicians of the veterinary services. The ISPV also exert their competences in other ministries (Ecology, Foreign affairs) and in research institutes (AFSSA, CIRAD).
The missions of the veterinary surgeons inspectors are extraordinarily wide: they are exerted as well in the field of the Santé and the animal Protection as in that of H Ygiène food and the Environmental protection. Animal health, for the veterinary surgeon inspector, i.e. for the Director of the Veterinary services Departmental and unquestionable of its assistants it is in fact all that touches with the epidemiology, the Prophylaxie and the medical Police of the diseases in breeding of the ruminants or specialized breedings. But it is also all that touches with the control of the Veterinary pharmaceuticals. Animal protection and that of the environment (control of the polluting installations) belong to attributions of these veterinary surgeons inspectors… The food hygiene, it is the medical control in the production and the transformation of milk, in the demolition and the transformations of the meat, in the field of the Agriculture and the fishing but also in the distribution, the restoration…
If their main mission in all these fields initially consists in controlling, to take care of the respect of the laws and payments and to take measurements which are essential, for example in the event of epizooty, it does not exclude a role from council. The missions of control of the animals subjected to the international exchanges, of control of the exposures, control of food products to the importation as with export are as many examples of their attributions.
It is in fact a trade with the varied activities and the important and exciting responsibilities.
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Responsible for analysis laboratory
In each department is a Analysis laboratory S generally managed by the General advice, having essentially vocation to carry out analyzes for the stockbreeders, rather often at the request of the administration veterinary surgeon, for collective disease prevention in particular. It can also work for the stockbreeders at the request of the veterinary surgeons experts or even in fact agribusiness industries of the department can request it. The analysis laboratory is an absolutely essential complement of the veterinary surgeon activity whatever it is.
Many veterinary surgeons experts have a small laboratory integrated into their cabinet or their private clinic, enabling them to carry out with the daily newspaper of the current or urgent analyzes, with the course even of the consultation. But they have all need to resort, for more sophisticated examinations or analyzes in official matter requiring an enabling, at the departmental laboratory. To also note that certain independent veterinary surgeons are with the head of private analysis laboratories. In all these laboratories, hematologic examinations , biochemical, sometimes anatomo-pathological are practiced.
But they are especially the parasitologic analyzes , serologic, bacteriological and virological which constitutes the principal activity of the departmental laboratories, almost all directed by veterinary surgeons. These veterinary surgeons almost supplemented all their formation basic initial veterinary surgeon by more specialized training. The directors of departmental laboratories have the Statut Public office.
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Research professor
Evoking the veterinary surgeons civils servant, it is also necessary to mention the research professors, divided in the four educational establishments veterinary.
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Veterinary biologist of the armies
The veterinary surgeons biologists take part in the interarmées missions veterinary:
- Food hygiene : control Salubrité and quality of the foodstuffs bought by the armies. Monitoring of hygiene in collective Restoration (including in the central kitchens of the armies). Competences veterinary surgeons relate to the monitoring and the control of healthiness and the quality of the foodstuffs, the hygiene of the collective restoration.
- animal Health : medical support (Disease prevention S and care S) of animal manpower of the armies (in the three armies and the National police). The veterinary surgeons biologists of the armies carry out the operations of collective disease prevention directed by the State and the medical police operations on the animals belonging to the ministry for defense and on those, of any origine, which remain in a permanent or occasional way inside the military areas.
- Participation in biomedical research : in particular in Physiology (extreme environments), in Radiobiology and microbiology. Protection of the animals of laboratory and control of the conditions of use of the animal models in research. The veterinary surgeons biologists of the armies take part in research, the studies, the experiments and teaching of the scientific and military nature, in the veterinary and biological field and as regards protection against the effects of the nuclear weapons and chemical.
- Interactions with the animal world : protection of the soldiers against the diseases common to the man and the animal (Zoonose S).
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Fireman
The veterinary surgeons firemen have existed for more than ten years now. Their missions nothing but do develop and they start to be recognized public authorities for the services rendered in the fields of the public health and for the actions carried out in the event of dangerous situations implying of the animals or at the time of biological risks. Within the population, they carry out an animal protection of ground very appreciated.
The veterinary surgeons firemen more than 180 are currently divided on all the national territory at a rate of 2 or 3 per department on average. They all are Officier S Volontaire S, i.e. this activity is done in addition to their community activity. The great majority of them are liberal experts, which does not go without posing problems of organization since the calls for mission fall any time and often at the least favorable time. Moreover, the missions last often a long time and require sometimes long displacements.
All these aspects imply disturbances within the customers but the veterinary surgeons firemen pledged moral to fulfill their function and they answer without failing in the calls. It should well be understood that the fireman activity is at another level that the traditional professional exercise, it acts of a participation at a public service but especially of a personal engagement to the service of others and with the service of the animal cause also.
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Veterinary expert
There are the consulting veterinary surgeons. There are also certain veterinary surgeons to whom them courts or the Insurance companies entrust missions of expertise.
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Veterinary of Zoo
The experts who invest themselves in the zoological gardens or in the natural parks, far from many it should well be said, are certainly doctors of the animals, but especially of the advisers, ethologist S and concerned about Conservation of the species.
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humane Missions
Let us not forget those which, in beginning or end of a career, were invested in associations in humane matter such as Agronomest and Veterinary surgeons without Borders (AVSF).
The veterinary surgeon in France
See also: Veterinary (France)
Veterinary surgeons in Belgium
In Belgium, the formation is ensured in 6 years by two universities, Liege for the French-speaking people and Ghent for the Dutch-speaking ones. It should be noted that the Medical college Veterinary surgeon of the University of Liege counts, in 2006, more students of French nationality than any of the French National schools, by making, in fact, the first school French veterinary surgeon of many students. An entrance examination in veterinary medicine was organized of 2003 to 2005. It should be replaced by the quota for non-residents.Since 2006, the selection of the students non-residents is done by drawing lot. The number of students accepted non-residents is equal to the 30% of the students resident registered. Before this drawing lot, a file is to be deposited at the end of August in the university of our choice. And attention for the interested parties, a request for equivalence of the French baccalaureat is to be made before July 15th
Veterinary surgeons in Canada
With the Canada, there exist four schools veterinary surgeons which are located at Saskatoon, Guelph, Charlottetown and Saint-Hyacinthe. The latter is a faculty of the Université of Montreal. It is the only school French-speaking veterinary surgeon in North America. The diploma for the occupation of veterinary Doctor of medicine is obtained there after five years of studies academic.
See too
Related articles
- Veterinary medicine
- animal Wellbeing
- Castration
- Breeding
- animal Euthanasia
- Artificial insemination
- Vaccination
External bonds
- veterinary in France:
- Order of the veterinary surgeons (France)
- National union of the Veterinary surgeons d' Liberal Exercice (France)
- French Association of the Veterinary surgeons for Pets (France)
- French Association of the Veterinary surgeons Aquacoles (France)
- National union of the Veterinary Technical Groupings (France)
- Association Veterinary surgeon French Equine (France)
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veterinary in Belgium:
- French-speaking District council about the Veterinary Doctors (Belgium)
- Professional Union Veterinary surgeon (Belgium)
- Belgian Center of pharmacotherapeutic information veterinary surgeon (Belgium)
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Veterinary in Canada:
- Associacion of the Veterinary Doctors of Canada (Canada)
- Order of the Veterinary Doctors of Quebec (Canada)
- Academy of Veterinary medicine of Quebec
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various:
- federal veterinary Office (Swiss)
- Agronomists and Veterinary surgeons without borders
- Qualitionnaire - legal and normative Definitions - Veterinary Veterinary surgeon
- Site of the Diploma of Studies Specialized in Pathological anatomy
- Site of the College Veterinary European of Pathology (European College Off Veterinary Pathology)
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