Vesuvius - SpeedyLook encyclopedia

Etymology

There exist three theories around the origin of the word “Vesuvius”:

Héraclès was the son of the god Zeus and Alcmène of Thèbes. Zeus was also known, like god of the rain and the dew, under the name of Huēsou huios (Ὓησου υἱός). By transliterating ου in V as they is usually made, other epsilons also in V (instead of usual HY ) and by changing the case of the Latin word personal finishing in custom , the result obtained is VESVVIVS - Vesuvius.
Of the word Osque fesf meaning “to make smoke”.
Of the root protoindoeuropéenne *ves- meaning “chimney, fire”.

Geography

Situation

Vesuvius rises with: 1281 meters of altitude in the Italian area of Campania, with the top of the Bay of Naples (in Adriatic Sea), with approximately nine kilometers in the east of the heart of the second greater agglomeration of the country with 4 million inhabitants. It is located at the south of the principal chain of the the Apennines.

It is about the only volcano of continental Europe with being entered in eruption during the hundred last years, the two others to Italy being located on islands: the Etna (Sicily) and the Stromboli (Wind islands).

Characteristics

The topography of the volcano consists of two elements: the first is the Mont Summoned in north, partially surrounding the current cone, vestige of the old building more raised, and the second is the cone of the Vesuvius ( Gran Cono ), formed by the eruption of year 79. For this reason, the volcano is also called Somma Vesuvius (or Somma Vesuvio ).

The Caldeira started to be formed during an eruption estimated at: 17000 or: 18300 years and was widened by successive eruptions until year 79. This structure gave its name at the end “Volcan Summa”, which describes any type of volcano with one will caldeira summit surrounding a more recent cone.

It is a volcano of the explosive type equipped with a 300 depth meters truncated conical crater for 400 meters in diameter. This crater is however stopped: the lava is with ten kilometers in lower part. Indeed, if it is not currently any more in eruption, it remains in activity: the earth tremors are important (more than 700 per annum) and of the Fumerolle S continue to slacken gases. It is thus under constant monitoring.

The height of the principal cone changed constantly during the successive eruptions, but is currently of: 1281 meters. The Somma mount culminates as for him with: 1149 meters, the valley Atrio di Cavallo, broad 5 kilometers separating both.

Fauna and flora

The mountainsides are covered with lava flow but generally densément wooded, with undergrowth in high-altitude and Vignoble S at low altitude. Currently, castings of Lave of the last eruption going back to 1944 are quite visible because they were not covered yet by the vegetation.

The flora around Vesuvius and of the Somma mount varies according to the seasons but division of the common aspects, in particular strong the Anthropisation which characterizes the first slopes of the mountain. In term of difference, the volcanic cone is drier and sunny, with a typical Mediterranean vegetation made up of artificial Pinède S and Ilex (kind of the Houx), whereas the Somma mount is wetter with a vegetation similar to that of the Apennines, with Châtaignier S, Chêne S, Aulne S, maple S and Ilex; among these species, although rare, one finds the Bouleau, atypical tree in the Mediterranean medium.

The richness of the vegetation on the old lava flows is due to the fast establishment of the Stereocaulon vesuvianum , a plant with the aspect of Corail which prepares the ground and receives the roots of the future plants. One counts 906 different species on the mountain.

This volcanic Cône is one of the many others which compose the arc campanien. The Champs Phlégréens are broad a Caldeira with a few kilometers in the North-West, the Mont Époméo is located 20 kilometers at the west, on the island of Ischia and several underwater volcanos are in the south. The arc forms the southernmost end of a broader volcanic chain resulting from the process of Subduction which is spread out in the North-West along the Adriatic coast until the Mont Amiata in the south of the Toscane. Vesuvius is however the only one with being entered in eruption during the recent history, although some others had an activity during the few last hundreds of years. The majority are completely extinct.

The lava of Vesuvius is made up of viscous Andésite. The layers of lava, Slag S, volcanic ash and stones Ponce S compose the mountain.

Volcanic formations

Among the notable eruptive events, the eruption of February 1848 produced a vapor column of approximately 15 meters in height exceeded the crater, presenting a large variety of colors and followed at the dawn of ten white, black and green circles in the form of cone. A similar appearance was observed in 1820.

More recently, in May 1855, a broad incandescent lava flow 70 meters precipitated in important a 300 depth meters crack. The first part of this crack is a chasm and at this place the lava formed a splendid cascade of fire.

In 1872, a spectacular eruption created a vast cloud in the shape of pine and the lava destroyed the area of Massa di Somma and San Sebastiano Al Vesuvio.

In the businesss year intermediate, the lava overflowing of the crater formed two domes of stagnation: in 1895, the Adhesive Margharita (in Atrio LED Cavallo, with half-buried by the lava of the eruption of 1944) and in 1898, the Adhesive Umberto . This last, still perfectly intact, constitutes a kind of natural barrier for the observatory, since the lava épenchant itself directly towards him is deviated by the sides of the dome.

The eruption of 1906, effectively described by Frank Alvord Perret and Matilde Serao, most important was occurred during the 20th century. It is still difficult to draw up the volume of ejecta exactly. Immense lava flow which took the direction of Torre Annunziata miraculeusement was miraculeusement stopped by the walls of the cimetère and the gas cloud generated in the ultimate hour of activity swept the top and emptied the magmatic Chambre. The collapse of the roof of the church of San Giuseppe Vesuviano, caused by the rain of ashes, killed the 105 people who had taken refuge to request.

An intermediate eruption occurred in 1929, when a lake of lava was formed in the crater and that it ended up overflowing on the south-eastern slope to destroy only some vineyards.

The last eruption occurred the 16 and March 29th, 1944 and again destroyed Massa and San Sebastiano Al Vesuvio. It strewed all the southernmost slope with ashes and was made famous in the current events because of the presence anglo - American which occupied Naples at the time. Spectacular fountains of lava rose up to 800 meters in height, whereas 26 people were killed by the rain of ash and that the crater underwent a radical deterioration.

History

Vesuvius during Prehistory and Antiquity

The mountain was formed initially there is: 25000 years, result of the eruption plinienne of Codola. Although the area was prone to a volcanic activity since at least: 400000 years, the lowest layer of eruptive material coming from the Somma mount is found with the top of the Ignimbrite campanienne gone back to: 34000 years and produced by the Fields Phlégréens.

It then was increased by a series of lava flow, intercalated with smaller explosive eruptions. However, the style of explosion changed there is: approximately 19000 years towards a sequence of broad explosive eruptions pliniennes, that of year 79 being the last. The eruptions are named according to the deposits of produced ejecta:

Pomici di bases (“basic Ponce”) - Sarno: there is: 17000 with: 18300 years, 6 on the scale the VEI, probably most violent of the eruptions which saw the formation of will caldeira Summoned. It was followed by one period of quite less activity, with effusive eruptions.
Pomici verdoline (“greenish pounce”): there is: 15500 with: 16000 years, 5 on scale VEI.
Pomici di Mercato or Pomici Ottaviano or Pomici Gemelle : there is: 7900 with: 8000 years, 6 on scale VEI, preceded by a less explosive eruption there is: 11400 years ( Lagno Amendolare , VEI 4).
Pomici di Avellino : there is: 3750 with: 3800 years (year -1660 ± 43 years, according to a dating carbon), 6 on scale VEI, preceded by two less explosive eruptions there is: 6000 and: approximately 4500 years ( Novelle , VEI 4). The eruption of Avellino proceeded 2 kilometers in the west of the current crater and destroyed several colonies of the old Bronze Age. Remarkable vestiges were discovered in May 2001 with the accesses of Nola, called the “prehistoric Pompéi”: huts, potteries, cattle and even of the animal and human prints as well as skeletons. The majority of the inhabitants have flees in haste, letting the village be buried under the stones pounces and ash, in a destiny similar to that of Pompéi. As comparison, this eruption was broader than those of 79 (VEI 5) and 1631 (VEI 4), with repercussions of volcanic clouds up to 15 kilometers in the North-West of the crater and the 3 meters thickness deposits in the area currently occupied by Naples.

Then, the volcano entered a phase of more frequent but less violent eruptions until the most recent eruption plinienne which destroyed Pompéi.

The last of these eruptions probably occurred in -217, although they are contemporary approximately 250 years of the brought back event. Samples of icicles of the Greenland of this approximate period show a relatively high acidity supposed to be caused by the Sulfure of hydrogen of the atmosphere.

The volcano was then calm lasting of the hundreds of years and was described by the writers Romains as being covered of Jardin S and Vignoble S, except at the top which was roccailleux. Inside a broad almost perpendicular cliff circle was an enough broad flat space to shelter the quartering of the army of the rebel Spartacus in -73. This zone was without any doubt a crater. The mountain at that time seems to have had one top, to judge of it by a mural, Bacchus and Vesuvius , discovered in a dwelling pompéienne, the “House of the Centenary” ( Casa del Centenario ).

Several documents written during the 200 years which preceded the eruption by 79 describe a volcanic nature of the mountain, although Pline Old the does not depict it this way in Naturalis Historia :

the Greek historian Strabon (towards -63 - towards 24), in the book V, chapter 4 of Geographica describes the mountain like having a top mainly flat and sterile, covered of Suie and rocks color ashes, and suggests that it could one day have “craters of fire”. It also supposes that the fertility of the slopes neighborhood could be due to a volcanic activity, as in Etna.
the Roman architect Vitruve (towards -80 - towards -25), in book II of Of Structured reports that fires have one day existed abundantly in lower part of the mountain and that it has vomits the flame on the campaigns neighborhood. From this flashover the stones pounces pompéiennes would have come, to which, fire, by cooking them, their quality would have removed first.
the Greek writer Diodore of Sicily (towards -90 - towards -30), in book IV of Bibliotheca Historica writes that the plain campanienne was called “Burning” ( Flegrei or Phlégréen ) because of the mountain, the Vesuvius, which had spit of the flames like Etna and showed signs of fire which had burned in old times which causes devastations extended around the Baie of Naples and particularly with Pompéi. A many damage was not repaired at the time of the eruption. However, it may be that it is about a simple tectonic event rather than a sign of the alarm clock of the volcano.

Another smaller seism takes place in 64; it is recorded by Suétone in its biography of Néron, De Vita Caesarum , and by Tacite in book XV of Annales because it is held whereas the Emperor is with Naples, for a first representation in a theater public. Suétone notes that it continues to sing during the jolts until the end of the song, whereas the ploughed up theater little time after being evacuated.

The Romans thrive while being accustomed to the minor seisms in the area; the writer Pline the Young person writes that they “are not particularly alarming because of their frequency in Campania”. At the beginning of the month of August 79, the fountains and the wells are drained. Small earthquakes start to proceed on August 20th, 79.

Date from the eruption

The eruption of the year 79 is documented by the contemporary historians and universally accepted like having begun the August 24th. However, the archaeological excavations of Pompéi suggest that the city was buried a few months later. Indeed, the victims found in ash prove to wear clothing hotter than clear the Tunique S of summer which one would expect for one August. The fresh fruit and vegetables in the shops are typical one October and conversely the typical fruits of summer one August were already sold dried or out of preserves. The fermented wine earthenware jars were sealed whereas that arrived only at the neighborhoods of at the end of October. The currency found in the purse of a buried woman at the end of September comprises a supposed commemorative coin to be struck. But up to now, no final theory seems to explain the reasons of such contradictions.

Nature of the eruption

The eruption of Vesuvius August 24th and 25th 79 proceeded in two phases, a eruption plinienne which lasted 18 to 8 p.m. and generated a stone pounces rain towards the south of the cone which covered Pompéi a thickness going up to 2,8 meters, followed by a Pelean eruption with a volcanic Cloud which reached Misène and was concentrated in the west and the North-West. Two volcanic clouds invaded Pompéi, burning and asphyxiating the latecomers. Oplontis and Herculanum received the major part of the clouds and was buried of fine ash and pyroclastic deposits,

Observations of Pline the Young person

The only witness occulaire reliable, Pline the Young person, survivor 17 years old at the time of the eruption, reports the event in two letters addressed in 104 to the historian Tacite. Observing since Misène, contrary to bay, that is to say approximately 35 kilometers of the volcano, whereas his/her uncle sails nearer, it contemplates a cloud extraordinarily dense and growing quickly at the top of the mountain:

It was difficult to distinguish by far which mountain left this cloud; the event discovered since it was mount of Vesuvius. Its figure approached that of a tree, and a pine more than of any other; because, after being itself high extremely top hat of trunk, it extended a species of foliage. I think that an underground wind violent one initially pushed it with impetuosity and supported it; but, either that the impulse decreased little by little, or that this cloud was subsided by its own weight, one saw it dilating and being spread; it appeared sometimes white, sometimes noirâtre, and sometimes of various colors, according to whether it were charged more or with ash or ground|Pline the Young person|Epistles, delivers VI, letter 16

It is about a eruptive Colonne, estimated today at more than 32 kilometers height.

After a few times, it describes the cloud springing with the bottom of the mountainsides and recovering all on its passage, including the surrounding coast. One knows today that it was about a volcanic Cloud, overheated gas cloud, ashes and rock spit by the volcano. The geologists used the magnetic characteristics of more than 200 volcanic rocks and remains (such as tiles) found with Pompéi to estimate the temperature of the cloud. Indeed, when the rocks in fusion are solidified, the magnetic minerals contained record the direction of the Terrestrial magnetic field. If the material is carried beyond a certain temperature, known as a Point of Curie, the magnetic field of the rock can be modified even re-initialized. The majority of analyzed materials revealed temperatures ranging between 240 and 340°C (with some zones with lower temperatures bordering 180°C). That suggests that the cloud of ash had a temperature of 850°C when it emerged from Vesuvius and fell with 350°C time to reach the city. It was modelled that turbulences can have a mixture of fresh air within the cloud. It is what is called from now on the phase plinienne of the eruption, in reference at the same time to Pline the Young person and Pline the Old one.

Pline declared that several earth tremors were felt at the time of the eruption and were followed by very a violent one earthquake. It also noted that ash fell in very thick particles so much so that the village where it was to be evacuated and then that the sun was masked by the eruption so that the weather was dark in full day. Lastly, the sea was aspired and reabsorbed by a seism, phenomenon called today “Tsunami”.

The death of Pline the Old one

Pline Old the, uncle and adoptive father of Pline the Young person, has the command of the Roman fleet with Misène and consequently decides to take several ships to study the phenomenon within reach. Whereas they are on the point of leaving the port, a messenger is able to warn Pline that a friend with him beseeches to save it, and the fleet also decides to try a mission of rescue for the people living with the foot of the volcano. It puts the veils through bay but meets thick downpours of hot ash, pieces of pounce and fragments of rock which, deteriorating the littoral and the depth of water, block the approach with the shore and prevent from accosting. The dominant winds of south also complicate the attempt but Pline decides to continue vis-a-vis the wind in direction of Stabies (approximately 4,5 kilometers of Pompéi), where it unloads and takes refuge at Pomponianus, a friend. This one had already charged a boat with its goods and prepared to leave, but the wind was against him.

Pline and its group observe the flames coming from several places of the mountain (probably the volcanic cloud responsible for the destruction for Pompéi and Herculanum). After having spent the night, they decide to evacuate in spite of the rain of ejecta S because of the prolongation of the violent conditions threatening to break down the building. Pline, Pomponianus and their companions travel opposite in direction of the beach with cushions attached at their head to protect them from the falls from rock. At this time, there is so much ash in the air which the group can be hardly distinguished through darkness and needs torches and lanterns to find its way. They end up arriving on the beach but too violently find water disturbed by the seisms to be able to hope to escape by the sea.

Pline the Old one collapses and dies. In his first Tacite letter, its nephew supposes that it underwent the inhalations of the sulphuric gases poisoned. However Stabies was with 16 kilometers of the volcano (roughly to the site of the current city of Castellammare di Stabia) and his/her companions were apparently not affected by smoke; it is then more probable than corpulent Pline died of another cause, like a Apoplexie or a Myocardial infarction. Its body was found without wound connect on August 26th, after the plume dispersed sufficiently so that light of day reappears.

Destruction of Pompéi and Herculanum

Assessment

With Pline Old the, only the other noble victims of the eruption known by their name are Agrippa, a son of the Jewish princess Drusilla and of the procurator Antonius Felix and his wife.

The estimates of the population of Pompéi go from: 10000 with: 25000. The remainders of 350 bodies were found with Herculanum, including 300 pennies of the vaults discovered in 1980. However, these figures represent without question a strong undervaluation of the full number of died through the area affected by the eruption.

38% of the victims of Pompéi were found in the deposits of ash, the majority inside the buildings. They were probably killed for the majority by the collapse of the roofs, while for the smaller number of those found outside, they probably were it by the fall of tiles or broader rocks spit by the volcano. That differs from the modern experiments since during the 400 last years only 4% of the victims were killed by the falls of ash during the explosive eruptions. The 62% of remaining victims were found in the pyroclastic deposits.

Archaeological vestiges

The eruption of 1631

Vesuvius awakes on December 16th, 1631 again. After several precursory signs, like a bulge of the ground, light earthquakes and the draining of sources, Vesuvius starts to emit a high cloud of ash, follow-up a few hours later by a first important emission of lava, making its first victims with Portici and obliging the major part of the population to take refuge in Naples. Because of the rainy weather, the falls of ash degenerate into mud rain on almost all the area, of the mountainsides to Naples which is directly threatened, extremely rare fact. Whereas the city is filled by crowd, the Archevêque decides to expose the relic of San Gennaro in Procession, and, according to many historians and writers of the time, the eruption starts to decrease at the time when the statue of the saint is raised towards the volcano.

In addition to this catastrophe, because of the persistent rain, of the ebullient water torrents are formed and descended the slope, producing terrible destruction until January, particularly on the septentrional face.

Portici, Resined (the antique Herculanum), Torre del Greco and Torre Annunziata is partly destroyed, while the hamlet of Pietra Bianca (“Pierre Blanche”) is famous Pietrarsa. One counts between: 3000 and: 4000 victims, as well as many animals, especially of the Bovine S, killed by the lava flows.

In remembering the direct threat, in Naples, still today, the statue of the is patron saint San Gennaro, on the bridge of Maddalena, vis-a-vis Vesuvius. In Portici, a tomb stone informs in Latin the traveller to flee the least sound coming from the volcano.

Other known eruptions

Since the eruption of 79, Vesuvius entered in eruption more than one about thirty times. In 203, Dion Cassius is pilot. In 472, it ejects such a volume of ash that repercussions are also reported far Constantinople. The eruption of 512 is so hard that the people living on its sides see themselves granting an exemption of taxes by Théodoric Large the, king Ostrogoth of Italy. Successive eruptions proceed in 685, 787, 968, 991, 999, 1007 and 1036 with first lava flow consigned. The volcano enters a phase of inactivity at the end of the 13th century and the following years it is again covered with gardens and vineyards. The interior of the crater is also filled of brouissailles.

1631 mark the beginning of a new particularly destructive phase and practically continues, with violent eruptions in 1660, 1682, 1694, 1698, 1707, 1737, 1760, 1767, 1779, 1794, 1822, 1834, 1839, 1850, May 1855, 1861, 1868, 1872, April 1906, 1926, 1929, and March 1944. That of 1906 in particular keep silent more than 100 people and ejects more lava than it had never been measured by it at the time of an eruption of Vesuvius. The last major event, at the day of 2007 proceeds in 1944, destroying the villages of San Sebastiano Al Vesuvio, Massa di Somma, Ottaviano and part of San Giorgio has Cremano, like 88 planes bombers B-25 of the Air Force, whereas the Second world war continues to make rage in Italy.

These eruptions can be classified in three categories.

The stagnant magma in the magmatic Chambre underground since many years starts to meet components with a Point melting more raised, like the Olivine, resulting in crystallizing. The consequence is to increase the dissolved gas concentration (mainly of the Steam and the Carbon dioxide) in the magma in fusion remaining, making the eruption later more violent. With this scenario, the slopes of the mountain extending beyond 7 kilometers could be swept by volcanic clouds descending the slopes, while the peripheral zones could undergo falls of ejected. Because of the dominant winds, the cities in the south and the east of the volcano are more exposed and it is allowed beyond that an accumulation of ejected higher than 100 kg/m ², not of which the roofs threaten to crumble, could occur until Avellino in the east or Salerno in south-east. For Naples, in the North-West, this risk of falls of ejected is supposed to extend hardly further that the slopes from the volcano.

The plan supposes between two weeks and twenty days, of notice of an eruption and envisages the emergency evacuation of: 600000 people, including/understanding almost entirely all the population living in the shingles rossa (“red zone”), with the maximum risk of volcanic cloud. The evacuation by Train S, ferries, bus and Autobus is conceived to last approximately seven days and the refugees would be mainly sent in other areas of the country rather than in sour zones of Campanie, where they could have to remain for several months. However, the dilemma for the execution of the plan is the moment when to begin this massive evacuation, since if it is decided too late, much people could be killed, whereas if it is decided too early, the precursors of the eruption could prove to be a false alarm. In 1984: 40000 people were evacuated area of the Champs Phlégréens, but no eruption occurred.

The volcano is followed closely by the Osservatorio Vesuviano to Naples with a vast network of seismic stations and gravimetric, the combination of a geodetic base GPS and of a Radar to synthesis of satellite opening by .

Activities

The old funicular

In 1870, the engineer Hungarian Ernesto Emanuele Oblieght entrusts to Galanti, Sigl and Wolfart the project to build a system which could make it possible to go up at the top of Vesuvius while remaining comfortably sitted. The three experts conceive a project of Funiculaire whose realization falls on the engineer Emilio Olivieri of Milan. Meanwhile, on December 21st, 1878, Oblieght sees itself granting by the State a concession of: 9700 m ² for 30 years with height of 150 to read S per annum and receive the authorization to carry out its projects. Work finishes one year and half later, at a cost of: 435000 liras. June 6th, 1880, towards 17:00, the funicular of Vesuvius is inaugurated. It is at that time about the only means of transport making it possible to climb an active volcano: 830 meters length, a percentage from 45 to 63% for uneven of 390 meters on the south-western face. The June 10th, it is opened with the public.

December 13rd, 1886, Oblieght yields, as envisaged, the concession and the management of the company for the amount of: 1200000 liras with the French of the Public limit company of the funicular railroad of Vesuvius. At that time, 300 tourists experienced each day the rise of the volcano. However, the company, involved in debt by the costs of maintenance and the weak receipts, is forced in its turn to yield the concession to the Thomas Cook and His Company, for: 170000 liras, on November 24th, 1888. John Mason Cook, heir with died to his father in 1892 must face financial pressures and sabotages on behalf of the local guides. The new line of railroad Pugliano-Vesuvius, built in 1903, contributes to double the number of tourists transported to the crater. The company must replace the installation by more modern increasing its capacity.

But the eruption of the 7 and April 8th, 1906 destroys arrival and the starting stations, the restaurant, the equipment and the two new coaches, hidden under 20 to 30 meters of ash. The railway is also damaged and the volcano is transfigured. However, all is rebuilt, and in 1909, a new funicular is in service, thanks to the project of Enrico Treiber. March 12th, 1911, a new eruption requires a little less than one year of repair at the higher station. The installation functions again with full mode and escapes the eruption of 1929, whereas the Cook brothers withdraw themselves in 1928 and yield part of their shares to the Italian Public limit company of the railroads of Vesuvius. Finally, after 1944, the funicular, irreparably damaged, is left with the abandonment.

A plan of rebuilding of the funicular, produced by the architect Nicola Pagliara, is approved in 1988. Work begins in November 1991, but is stopped little time after, while the vestiges of the coaches of 1909 were updated. In spite of the depth of the excavation, exceeding the base of the volcano, no thermal source was collected. However, in 2001, of the magma was located with 10 kilometers under surface, consequently, the volcano continues to be followed.

The observatory

The observatory of Vesuvius ( Osservatorio Vesuviano ) is a public institute of research depending on the Italian Ministry of the university and research. Since 2001, it constitutes a branch of the Italian National institute of Géophysique and Vulcanologie, in load in particular of the follow-up of the volcanic activity (Vesuvius, Champs Phlégréens, Ischia).

The observatory is oldest of the world in the field of vulcanology. At the time of its foundation, decided in 1841 by Ferdinand II of Deux-Siciles, king de Naples.

Vesuvius in the popular culture

Mythology

In the Gigantomachie, Mimas (one of many the Giant, wire of Gaïa and blood of Ouranos) is buried by Héphaïstos under a mass of fused metal of which there remains prisoner: Vesuvius.

In addition, he was regarded by the Greek and the Romains as a mountain crowned with the demigod Heracles - Hercules, and the name of the town of Herculaneum, built at its base, is drawn from the hero.

Artistic representations

Because of its temperament and its situation, Vesuvius marked imaginary many artists since centuries.

Novels

Last Days of Pompéi , novel of Edward Bulwer-Lytton appeared in English in 1834

Filmographic works

The Last Days off Pompeii, 1935 , American film in which plays Louis Calhern
the Last Days of Pompéi , 1950, Franco-Italian film carried out by Marcel the Herbarium
Last Days of Pompéi , 1959, péplum Italian realized by Sergio Leone
Last Days of Pompéi , 2003, film-documentary

Anecdotes

On the sides of the volcano lives Miss Tick, a character of the world of Disney.
During the Festa di Piedigrotta 2007, a Neapolitan popular holiday, the allegorical Tank “Sterminator Vesevo”, representing the volcano, took fire because of a Court-circuit and was completely destroyed.

See too

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