Vejiga urinaria

The punctuation is a whole of graphic signs being used to order the speech in the written language. Contrary to the Graphème S, they are not carried out as Phonème S (“they are not pronounced”) but can, in rare cases (Logogramme S), to represent words.

History

The history of the punctuation in Occident is recalled over one twenty-four centuries duration if one goes back to the Greeks. In the second century BC, Aristophane de Byzance, perhaps, for the Greek alphabet a system comprising had defined three types of points to mark the punctuation: the “point of in top” for the end of a sentence, the “Not median” marking an average pause and the “point of in bottom”, a short pause. It is also the author of the diacritic of the Greek alphabet, which are at the origin of some of the diacritic of the Latin alphabet.

The punctuation, at least in the languages which use it for a long time, is also used - especially - for a literary written language, which uses it as code; one long period that it would be difficult to understand by the reading and that a speaker would not have the possibility of improvising naturally can take its direction only after examination of the punctuation.

Gasparino Barzizza (1370 - 1431) is the author of the first treaty of punctuation, Doctrina punctandi .

Geoffroy Tory, humanistic printer, will invent a “hooked point” that Etienne Dolet, in his Of the punctuation of the language Françoyse , will name comma or incisum

Western punctuation marks

The principal punctuation marks used in French are:

the apostrophizes ( ');
the not (. ) - which gave its name to the punctuation -;
the Comma (, );
the Semicolon (; ), normally preceded by a indivisible space fine;
the question mark (? ), normally preceded by a space indivisible fine;
the not of exclamation (! ), always preceded by a space indivisible fine;
the Points of suspension (… - attention three points - or more correctly … only one character);
the Colon - name typographical considered more purist than “the colons” (: ), always preceded by a nonbreaking space;
the Indent S half em quadrat ( - ) and em quadrat ( - ), always preceded and followed by a space fine;
the Quotation mark S opening ( “) and closing (” ), separated from the expression which they enclose by a space indivisible fine;
the Bracket S opening ( and closing ) ;
the hooks opening and closing ''' .

The punctuation marks and their uses are not universal. The english-speaking use quotation marks different from the French-speaking people ( “ ” ) and, as in the majority of the languages, does not employ space in front of the following punctuations: : ; ? ! (nor with the accesses of the “” ). The Spanish-speaking ones begin their interrogative and exclamative sentences with reversed punctuations ¿ and ¡ . At the German-speaking ones, the quotation marks are laid out contrary to the French-speaking people: quotation marks opening in ” and closing in “.

These rules of punctuation, just like the other typographical rules do not have the character of absolute obligation which the orthography can have: certain French-speaking newspapers ( Release in France in particular) do not put any space before the punctuation marks. Nevertheless, these rules are generally used, especially within the framework of the edition of book.

Other punctuation marks

Recent and not very used signs

Certain punctuation marks were invented recently, but their use remained rare, even confidential:

the Virgule of exclamation was invented in 1856 by certain a P. the Villette ( Traité reasoned of punctuation : x-33082);
the Not of irony (? ) invented at the end of the 19th century by Alcanter de Brahm;
the Not exclarrogatif (‽), or “interrobang”, which combines the functions of and point question mark of exclamation;
several tens of Other punctuation marks were also created with the wire of time without imposing itself in the use.

Typographical symbols

There exists many symbols (among which Logogramme S) which one cannot regard as truths punctuation marks but which, in addition, are neither of the letters nor of the diacritics. It is the case for & , @ , but also the low Tiret, inter alia. Their functions are various natures: & are a logogramme and are read like a normal word, the low Tiret is used especially for the presentation (underlining for the typewriters, replacement of a typographical Espace in data processing…), for example.

They share with the punctuation marks the fact that they belong to the only written language (as well as the setting in Italique, distinction between capital and tiny, of the remainder).

Random links: