The validation is the whole of the activities of checking with an aim of confirming an assumption, a work, a theory, a manufacturing process, etc
A validation depends on the framework which one gives oneself (criteria) and is always done according to this one. For example:
- to validate a protocol of production: it is checked that the stages of a protocol are well carried out during the production of an object;
- to validate a work: one checks the coherence of work, one looks at if it does not comprise errors, lapses of memory, etc
Principle of the validation in fundamental Science and concept of “field of validity”
Validation in Science, i.e. with an aim of constituting a knowledge, fact call to the confrontation of the theory with reality by means of the experiment and/or of the observation. This operating process is based directly on the principle materialist of constitution of the Of knowing (see Matérialisme). The validation in science calls upon the concept of field of validity . All Theory, all Explanation, aiming at giving off the mechanisms under unclaimed of a Phenomenon or a epiphenomene does not have an application Universel as one believed a long time (it was the case in particular time of Newton).
History
The concept of field of validity of a theory appeared only towards the end of the 19th century in Physique with the search for a possible support to the electromagnetic waves (which one called “ether”). Mechanics traditional, known as “mechanical Newtonian”, showed that it was not valid any more with great energies (thus at large the speeds). Between the forecasts which they proposed and the phenomena, there was no more agreement. It is Einstein, in 1905, which proposed a new theory of the mechanics which extended the Newtonian Mécanique. It called it the restricted Relativité (because this one relates to only the systems at constant speed), then it extended it by the theory of the General relativity (when it integrated the systems accelerated in 1917). It appeared whereas a theory is valid only in one some field of validity . Indeed, to build a Théorie in any field requires to make simplifications and approximations which make that the theory will be valid only in one certain field of validity: that where these approximations are reasonable (speeds must be weak to apply Newtonian mechanics). The made assumptions indeed make it possible to simplify the problems. If this simplification is too important, the theory is likely to be too simplistic and not to be in agreement with the observations and/or the experiments. There is also the fact that a theory can not take account of a hidden factor which one does not know yet. The field of validity integrates the conditions and the basic assumptions which were used to create the theory, but it includes also the factors which one does not know yet.
To test the agreement
The Principle of validation of a Theory or an explanation suggested for a Phénomène rests on the Confrontation enters, on the one hand, the predictions of the theory suggested, and, on the other hand, the observation and/or the experiment which gives an account of comprise real world. For this confrontation, two results are possible:
- There is agreement: i.e. the predictions made with the theory are raised being close relations of what one measures by a series of experiments and/or observations. In a general way, it is impossible to predict exactly what one will obtain, because there are always inaccuracies due to the measuring device, with the knowledge of what one observes, with the simplification of the Phénomène to be able to describe it in a theory, etc Ainsi, it is necessary to define the margin of error that one gives oneself. This margin is function of the use which one wants to make of the theory and the assumptions which made it possible to simplify the problem to make it available.
- It does not have there an agreement: i.e. there is no common point between what the theory suggested explains of the Phénomène and the phenomenon which is really observed. The theory must thus be re-examined and corrected to be improved (i.e. to approach more one observes of reality). In this case, two points are possible: either one of simplifications is to be re-examined, or a hidden factor exists where it was not known and it is then advisable to find this innovation (thus the core of the Atome was discovered, in the same way for DNA, etc).
Extension of a theory
When a theory is validated on a certain field (for a certain number of experiments and observations rather close from/to each other), it is interesting to see whether this theory functions under other conditions. It is a research task which consists in testing the theories validated in order to know their limits and thus to determine until where a theory is usable (i.e. until where it agrees with the observations and/or the experiments). It is the determination of the field of validity. This makes it possible to improve the theories by discovering the cases where they are not valid any more in order to work them over again so that they can cover a broader spectrum of applications (the field of validity of the theory is increased).
Validation in pharmacy
August 1st In pharmacy, during the production of a drug one validates primarily:- the manufactoring process;
- methods of analysis of the drug or the components as well as the equipment.
To note that the methods resulting from a pharmacopeia are regarded as already validated.
The method of validation is internationally defined and is based on the statistics.
The goal of the validation is to show that the method or the process is
- linear : validate on a field given. For example manufacture of batches of 50 with 500 kg,
- specifies (tiny deviation compared to the awaited value),
- répétable (one can make X time the operation one obtains a similar result).
If the studied method must be used in various places and on various apparatuses, one studies in more the reproducibility .
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