Valerian Vladimirovitch Kouïbychev (Russian: ВалерианВладимировичКуйбышев , born in Omsk on June 6th (old Russian calendar: May 25th) 1888, died in Moscow on January 25th, 1935), was a Russian revolutionist, a chief of the Red Army during the Russian Civil war, then a Soviet politician of foreground during the first years of the government of Stalin.

For the period 1928-1930, he was president of the Vesenkha (Supreme Soviet for the Nation's economy), then directing of the Gosplan for the period 1930-1934. He disappeared with the beginning of the year 1935 in circumstances badly elucidated, undoubtedly on order of Stalin. Its memory was however not unobtrusive, as it was the case for the other victims (later) of the Stalinist purgings.

The town of Samara (chief town of the Oblast of Samara, in Russia) and the town of Bolgar (in the Tatarstan, in Russia) bore the name of Kouïbychev between 1935 and 1991. The town of Kouïbychev, in the oblast of Novossibirsk, still bears its name.