Urban functions

The urban functions are the whole of the activities (economic, cultural Politique and ) of a Ville. More the urban functions are numerous and important, more the area of influence of the city is vast. The area of influence of a city corresponds to the territory on which the people live who have recourse to the services based in this city.

The Rayonnement of a city depends on the weight of the urban functions which it accommodates and of the importance of the functions of transport and communication.

The urban type and the development of the function make it possible to define the type of the urban entity, the Village organized around its trade of proximity, its Mairie and its spaces of the social life (place of the market, place of worship), with the Métropole characterized by the presence of higher tertiary functions in the banking environment, by the weight of the sector of the service to the companies, by the presence of the places of the capacity, Parlement, ministries or International organizations for example, or by the existence of major cultural places like museums or a opera.

Some cities whose Tokyo, New York, London and Paris have functions of world influence.

List urban functions

Political offices : they return to the places of the political power, with the seats of the political institutions whose territorial level (local, regional, official, international) indicates the level of importance
economic Fonctions : one is brought to distinguish the tertiary secondary industries and ; one often stresses the functions of service at the companies to characterize the metropolis
cultural Fonctions : the presence of the institutions and equipment cultural are indicators of the cultural functions, but it is necessary more generally to give an account of a concept of cultural hearth which associates city and culture; one frequently retains as urban marker the presence and the dynamism of the fairs, exposures, congress and festivals which contribute to the cultural functions of the cities
Fonctions of transport and communication : the connectivity with the communication and grid systems, but also mass of flows, men, goods, information, which passes or which is emitted or received by the city inform about the level of these functions

Functional co-education

One speaks about " co-education fonctionnelle" in a district, an allotment or a building, when several functions (ex: habitat and trade, in downtown area) are represented there. According to the degree of co-education, one speaks about " co-education fine" or of " co-education grossière".

Functional co-education is regarded as an urban goal which is opposed to the cutting of the territory in functionally differentiated zones (" zoning") who characterized the city planning of the post-war period. She is seen like an important component of a " city of short the distances" (which supports soft transport) for a bearable urban development.

Rather than to create " zones dortoirs" and of the " zones of activités" separated, which increases the distances to be traversed to go from a function to another and encourages the use of the car, the objective of functional co-education would be for example in a district to bring closer the various functions to the inhabitants so that the functions used most frequently are accessible to foot or in the bicycle starting from the majority from the dwellings.

An obstacle with certain functional co-educations is the incompatibility of certain functions between them, in general when harmful effects generated by certain functions or little are not tolerated by others. (For example, an industrial activity which is too polluting or which produces too many noise pollutions is not very compatible with the proximity of dwellings.

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