The unloading is a technique of Sylviculture which consists in transporting Arbre S shot down of their place of cut towards a road or a provisional point discharge.
Various systems
Several systems of unloading are used:- systems of hauling,
- systems of bearing,
- systems of telepherage,
- systems of air unloading (balloon several times tested and studied, but not tested with large scales),
- systems of unloading per use of draft animals, in particular the horses,
- systems resting on the floating of wood (Flume S),
- other systems.
The unloading by hauling is the most current method, but also that which causes the most damage with the environment. The unloading by animals (horse, buffalo, elephant) knows a revival thanks to the will to use a more ecological method.
Unloading by horse
It makes it possible to decrease the compressing of the ground, does not force to create new tailboards or new tracks or access. Being satisfied with passages of less than one meter broad, it respects the fragile grounds and works without noise of engine nor pollution. The horse, with variable performances according to the animal, the size and forms trees to be drawn and the ground, can trail an average maximum cube (out of direct drag) of 1 m ³, 1,5 per two horses), with a maximum of effectiveness to 0,5 m ³ for a horse alone and 0,7 m ³ for three horses. The performance goes up to 2,5 m ³ if one uses a triqueballe or front-axle unit. That is to say an average volume daily débardable trailed on 100 m of 18 m ³ day (for a distance-cubic means (DCM) of 0,25 m ³), of 25 m ³ /jour for a DCM of 0,5 m ³, and 18 m ³ /jour for a DCM of 1 m ³. For a distance of 200 m, these figures pass respectively to 12,18 and 12.
The horse is slower on average, but more effective for the débusquage on the difficult and less expensive grounds (24 euros per hour of service compared with 32 euros for the farm tractor (by taking account of the cost of purchase, and use, the salary costs and maintenance and displacement (identical or close). The tractor remains more profitable for the unloading out of timbering itself (on tracks). The horse is more expensive per m ³ exported but it more easily exploits the strong slopes (in the direction of the descent) and this overcost is sometimes entirely compensated by the absence of need for infrastructures and by the benefit (sold wood much expensive) for écolabel S such as FSC more easily acquired with this type of unloading.
Dans the the Belgian Ardennes (Belgian Province of Luxembourg), approximately 90% of the first three breaks of timberings of Résineux are exploited today using the horse which leave easily and in a profitable way these wood light
With motorized machines equipped with auxiliary engine cranes, in cart or sledge, the day laborer production varies the simple one with the double (15 to 30 Stère s/jour) according to the difficulty of the building site. The tractor imposes a bulk-heading which is cause of a great loss of exploitable surface and impoverishment of the soil.
See too
- Horse draft
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