Abû Hafs `Umar Ben `Abd Al `Aziz or `Umar II (682 - 720) (rear RTL أبوحفصعمربنعبدالعزيز) was the eighth Caliph omeyyade. He succeeded his cousin Sulayman due to disease in 717. He is the son of `Abd Al-Aziz governor of Egypt, to which his/her older brother the caliph “Abd Al-Malik had, initially, promised succession before designating his/her oldest son Al-Walid {{Ier}}. The second wire of `Abd Al-Malik, Sulayman, succeeded his brother. `Umar Ben Abd Al “Aziz stopped this succession between brothers for a rather short time, since three years later it is a third wire of” `Abd Al-Malik, Yazîd II which succeeded to him.

Sometimes one regards it as the fifth Caliph “directed well” (rear RTL راشد rāshid ) of the Islam.

History

`Umar was born towards 682, with Médine (or in Egypt?). He lived in Médine until the death of his father. Then it was destined for Damas by `Abd Al-Malik and was married with his Fatima daughter. `Abd Al-Malik died shortly after.

The reign of Al-Walid

“Umar was named governor of Médine by Al-Walîd. Breaking with the use of its predecessors, created a council to control the province. At this period the complaint near the caliph ceased and from many emigrants came from Iraq to escape brutalities from Al-Hajjaj. This last encouraged Al-Walid to revoke `Umar of its post of governor. `Umar was revoked but its good reputation was spread in the empire.

The reign of Sulayman

`Umar continued to live in Médine. Sulayman little before its death indicated by will `Umar Ben `Abd Al `Azîz like successor, with the pretext which his/her children were too young to fill this task.

Its reign

In 717, Sulayman had sent Maslama Ben `Abd Al-Malik to the conquest of Constantinople. The seat turned badly for famished Arabic until having to eat their horses. As of its takeover `Umar gave the order to Maslama of raising the head office of Constantinople and returning in Syria with all its men. `Umar made send provisions to these troops. As of its arrival in Damas, Maslama went with the course `Umar, but the caliph refused to receive it. The Maslama following day came to the palate accompanied by two thousand men and it was not accepted. The third day it came to the palate accompanied by only one slave, finally `Umar agree to see it. `Umar made the lesson with Maslama on the good use of the richnesses and Maslama was subjected.

The death of Al-Hajjaj was felt as a release for all the populations which had had to undergo its authority.

Appointed governor of the Khorasan by Sulayman Ben Abd Al-Malik, Yazîd Ben Al-Muhallab had been the subject of complaints but Sulayman did not have time to intervene. `Umar sent a letter to Yazîd Ben Muhallab requiring of him to make allegiance, to give the government of Khorasan to one of its lieutenants and to come to Damas. Yazîd gave its government to his/her Mukhallad son. It took the boat with Wâsît until Bassora. It was put in a state of arrest and brought in front of `Umar. This one claimed the spoils which Yazîd had taken during its campaigns in Gorgan. `Umar named Al-Jarrah Al-Hakami governor of Khorasan (718). Mukhallad having learned the arrest from his/her father went near `Umar. A few days after this interview Mukhallad fell sick and died. Yazîd Ben Muhallab remained in prison until in 720 when he managed to escape. `Umar relieved of other abusive governors.

In 719, Muhammad Ben `Alî Ben `Abd Allah Ben `Abbâs father of that which became later the first Abbasid caliph Have-Saffâh, started to pose the first stakes of the network which will manage to reverse Omeyyades.

Its works

In Damas Al-Walid had had the reputation of a builder and of a esthète, Sulayman had that of an amateur of the harem and pleasure, and its successor `Umar that of a religious man scorning the luxury.

It left the palates to live in a house, vêtu so simply that some took it for a servant. There are many edifying anecdotes on its honesty and its generosity. It redistributed the grounds confiscated by Omeyyades. It accepted the gifts only seldom and on the contrary it forced his wife to give her jewels to the Treasury.

It desired to make apply more rigorously the Charia. It was about to make destroy the mosaics of the large mosque of Damas because representing landscapes. Learning that these mosaics made envieux the Byzantine, it there renonça. It took an edict prohibiting to curse `Ali at the end of the prayers of Friday and to recite a verse of Coran in the place. That made it unpopular to the court omeyyades but the support of the people made that nobody expressed his opposition openly.

It made close bars and the baths where the women mixed with the men.

It removed capitation (Jizya) on the new converts whom one perceived as if they were still Dhimmi S. It relieved Al-Jarrah Al-Hakami one year and half after having appointed it governor of Khorasan because it levied this tax unduly.

It made do one of the first censuses of Hadith S, for fear they are not lost. Abu Bakr Ben Muhammad Ben Hazm was one of those which took part in this compilation.

`Umar died on February 7th, 720 with Dayr Sam `ân, some imply that it was poisoned.

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