The word tsar designates the sovereign of the Bulgaria (of 893 with 1422 and of 1908 with 1946), of the Serbia (of 1346 with 1371) and of the Russia (of 1472 with 1721).
Origins
The term tsar can be also written czar , tsar or csar in French. The first orthography attested in French is czar ; this whimsical orthography is due to the Austrian diplomat Sigismund von Herberstein in Commentaires on the Muscovite businesses ( Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii , 1549). In Bulgarian, Serb Macedonian and , tsar is written Цар ; in Russian, it is written Царь . It comes, via the Greek , of the Latin word Cæsar , César.This last also gave the German title Kaiser .
However, Voltaire in the biography of Pierre the Large one, question the Latin origin of the word; it advances as argument which several Mongolian sovereigns of Asia also carried this title at the same time as large-princes de Moscovie.
Russia
The term tsar indicated the sovereign Russian starting from the January 16th 1547, day when Ivan IV Terrible the, before Large-prince of Moscow, was crowned tsar of all Russies in the Cathédrale of the Assumption to Moscow. This new title confers a statute similar to him to that of a Empereur.However, this term of tsar was already semi-officially used, since the large-prince Ivan III of Moscow had married the Byzantine princess Sophie Paléologue the November 12th 1472 in the cathedral of Dormition to Moscow. Indeed, by marrying the niece of Constantin XI, it was essential like successor of the Basileus, the fall of Constantinople going back to 1453.
In 1721, Pierre Ier Large the decides to change its title: it gives up that of tsar to take that, more Western, of Imperator , i.e. of Empereur , so that Russia is regarded as Third Rome , thus succeeding the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire (the Byzantine heiress Sophie having married Ivan III). All its successors adopt this new title, but the term of tsar , correct but not-official, remains however most used, both in Russia and in the rest of the world.
; Narrower terms apply to the entourage of the tsar:
- the tsar (Царь): emperor of Russia.
- the tsaritsa (Царица): sovereign empress or empress consort of Russia (often badly-translates into tsarina ).
- the tsarévitch (Царевич) or Large-duke (ВеликийКнязь): wire or grandson in male line of the tsar and/or the tsaritsa. When it is about the oldest son, who is thus the apparent heir with the throne, it is called tsesarévitch (Цесаревич).
- However, in the use, the French knows only the definite term tsarévitch (by the TLFi) like the “Oldest son of the tsar of Russia and crown prince. ” One also used in this language the forms czarévitch and even césarovitch .
- the tsarevna (Царевна) or large-duchess (ВеликаяКнягиня): girl or grand-daughter in male line of the tsar and/or the tsaritsa; or then wife of a tsarévitch. When it is about the wife of the tsesarévitch, it is called tsesarevna (Цесаревна).
Anecdotes
- One finds the word tsar in a Russian proverb: “Богвысоко, царьдалеко! ” (transcription: “ Bok vyssoko, tsar dalieko ”), which means “God literally is too high and the Tsar too far! ”. In other words: “let us count only on ourselves”.
The bones of the tsarévitch were perhaps discovered close to the pit where one found the bones of the imperial family and their servants. Analyzes DNA will be carried out on the found bones.
- a recurring myth in Russia tsarist is that of the " tsar liberator " or " True tsar " , supposed to relieve misery of the people. he gave place to several applicants with the throne of which the " false Dimitri ". This myth was used as support with the many insurrections carried out by the Cosaque S, of which most known are that of Bolotnikov, in 1606, which will arrive until under the walls of Moscow, that of Stenka Razine, of 1666 to 1671, and that of Pougatchev, in 1773-1774.
See too
Related article
- List of the monarchs of Russia
External sites
- Article tsar of the TLFi
- Article tsarévitch of the TLFi
- Article tsarina of the TLFi
Simple: Tsar
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