See also: Trumpet (homonymy)

The trumpet is a Musical instrument with wind of the brass family.

History of the trumpet

Antiquity

The first trumpets were invented in antiquity, they appeared in Egypt there is more than three thousand years, moreover three trumpets were found in the tomb of Toutankamon. In Greece, the trumpet then called Salpinx was regarded as an Olympic discipline. In Australia, there exists a trumpet, which is in addition the only instrument " soufflé" aboriginals: the Didgeridoo

The trumpet at the 18th century

The crisis of the trumpet lasted sixty-five years (1750 - 1815). On the one hand, the art of the Clarino had reached a top difficult to exceed and on the other hand, the appearance of the middle-class ideal made incarnate with the trumpet an obsolete heroic aspect. The traditional time watch an abrupt change in the function of the trumpets. After having fulfilled a heroic function which gives the tone in melody form, the trumpet is melted now in the tutti. To continue to play its heroic part, it does nothing but briefly crown the Crescendo. It must adapt to the variety of the tonalities, one thus sees appearing trumpets in F, ground, sib or. In the traditional , the register of the clarino goes up also high only in the Baroque: one seldom assembles to the top of the ground (just with the top of the range) , sometimes one meets it or C but very seldom.

Dice the end of the Baroque, one tried to make the trumpet chromatic because the majority of the notes to be played are now in the third octave of partial, the notes are thus more isolated the possibilities are more restricted. Various techniques will try to counter this problem.

One of oldest of these techniques is the stopping which was invented in 1775, then unutilised starting from 1840. The idea comes from a horn player has. - J. Hampel, which in 1750 had noticed that by introducing the hand into the house, one could cause a drop in the emitted note of a half, even a complete tone. The technique was not implemented immediately on the trumpets because their form did not make it possible the instrumentalist to bring his hand to the level of the house. It is in 1777 that a factor “rolled up” more the trumpet to give him the shape of half-moon. One stopped the house with three fingers of the right hand. The partisans of the trumpet “bouchable” believed that stopping did not influence of anything the stamp trumpet: they were wrong. In France, D. Buhl was most eminent of the trumpet players playing with this process. In its method, it distinguished the trumpet from ordinance (instrument of cavalry in E flat) and the orchestral trumpet (instrument of orchestra in ground). One could put the latter in tons more serious using slides of replacement and one obtained the semitones below a note given by stopping the house. The large defect of this instrument is the sound inequality between the open notes and mouthfuls.

The second technique is the trumpet with keys. It on the same dates of appearance and disappearance that stopping. The idea started, once again, has to be tested on the horn. The first trumpet with key was built in 1777 but known no success because the stamp characteristic of the trumpet almost entirely disappeared and was halfway between the trumpet and the oboe. Independently from/to each other, several inventors carried out various tests in the same direction. It is in 1793 qu' an amateur named Nessman developed a trumpet with keys which kept the stamp of the trumpet and with which it could assemble a chromatic range. The happiest experimenter and at the same time the largest virtuoso of the trumpet with keys were A. Wendinger. Moreover for him and its trumpet with keys, J. Haydn, one of his/her friends, composed his famous concerto in major E flat, which makes use of the register of the clarino and can be played only with three keys. Whereas that of Hummel has more a great choice of serious notes and a fourth requires some. The large defect of this instrument is the same one as for the trumpet with stopping: the inequality between the notes where certain keys are open and these same notes when they all are closed.

The third technique was used especially in England between 1790 and 1885: it is the trumpet with slide. As its name indicates it, the means used here to make the trumpet chromatic is the slide. This slide, which is U-shaped as on a trombone but less long than on this one, is closer to the instrument and comprises a mechanism making it possible to return to the initial position. She was appreciated thanks to her sonority noble and natural but it was more one instrument of orchestra which of solo because in particular of its mechanical stiffness. The trumpet with slide was built in F but comprised slides for L `to grant in tons lower. It remained longer than the trumpet with stopping and that with keys thanks to the strong personality of the people who defended it.

The trumpet at the 19th century

The Piston

The great invention of XIXe for the trumpet is the piston. It is one of the two great events of the history of the trumpet with the admission of the trumpet in the music in concert about 1600. The piston was invented about 1815 (but of the outlines existed dice 1788), it was an answer to the wish to make become the chromatic trumpet, in the register engraves about 1750. The system of pistons had all the advantages of the former systems of “chromatisation” but with any the disadvantages. The advantages that the other systems did not have were: the instrument is entirely chromatic and all the notes presented the same stamp (perhaps not the beginning, but of the improvements allowed it very quickly). Whereas the trumpet with keys shortened the size of the tube by causing pressure losses - " fuites" -, the valve trumpet as the trumpet with slide the lengthening-piece. However one does not utilize any more physics while drawing on a slide but one mechanically operates one, two, even three pistons. To the traditional technique, now comes to be added a new element: the digital ability. Whereas the trumpet players of the baroque had only two element to coordinate (lips and language), those which used a valve trumpet had three of them: lips, language and fingers. The valve trumpet was essential quickly in the military music but ran up against opponents (especially by conservatism) in the symphonic medium.

Chronology on the pistons

The competition of the horn

The Cornet appeared, drifting horn of station in 1830. The normal agreement of the horn was B flat and was sometimes in C. Its length of tube was shorter than that of the trumpet (which was still in F), the horn was thus largely more flexible than it. The risk of wrong note was thus much less extremely in the acute one. Being more conical than the trumpet, the sound naturally less noble and is less decided. In many countries (England, the United States, France, Belgium), the horn threatened the existence of the trumpet. If it were “less noble”, on the other hand the horn is much easier to play. The use of the horn had two positive aspects: the art of the soloist was given in honor, because the trumpet was used more only out of instrument of orchestra and it will have obliged it to be modernized to remain: it adopts also the agreement in B flat. The trumpet took again its role vis-a-vis the horn towards 1910 and becomes the instrument of reference to the orchestra. It is this same trumpet that we use today.

The trumpet of today

The valve trumpet in B flat is that which is used today in the majority of the countries. But the trumpet with rotary valves in B flat is largely present in Germany and in the Eastern European countries. The trumpet in C is used also much, especially in the orchestras and for some concerti for trumpet. It also exists in version with pistons or rotary valves.

Because of a too random attack with a normal trumpet in B flat, certain instrumentalists use the trumpet piccolo to play especially of works baroques in which the acute register often is very much used (in the past called clarino). The trumpet piccolo does not go up higher than the normal trumpet in B flat but it is easier to pass the acute features there. It exists in version with pistons or rotary valves. Most of the time, it is also in Sib (which can be put in with an additional slide).

There exists also the trumpet of pocket which is especially used by the young initial trumpet players. It is selected because its small size is adapted to that of the children and its weight is thus distributed better it is not unbalanced forwards. But certain professional trumpet players use it (ex: Médéric Collignon…). Contrary to the generally accepted ideas, the trumpet of pocket to the same length of tube as the normal trumpet in traditional Sib.

There exists of different types of trumpets which are in agreements different but which are much used than those quoted above (trumpet in ground, D, MIB, F or bass trumpet)

Description

The natural trumpet (Bugle) is consisted the mouth, the tube (or Perce), the house. The tube is cylindrical, which gives him a its brilliance, by comparison with the softer sound of the family of the Saxhorn S.

In the trumpet with pistons, a mechanism is added which makes it possible to increase the length of the tube, which makes it possible to play of the more serious notes and to thus fill the notes being lacking in the harmonic series.

The tact is that of the piston instruments.

The register running extends on two octave S and half, of serious F # with C above the range (Top C) (but in jazz, it is not rare to go up until Bi-against-C even higher). The trumpets are in general Instruments transposing instruments, which play of the real sounds different from the written notes. Thus for example a trumpet in If b plays a its reality which is a tone lower than the written note.

The current trumpet most current is an instrument Soprano, in If b . There exist also trumpets in C (still very much used by the musicians " classiques" French and for teaching in the academies), in D and Semi b and the trumpet piccolo in If b (often with 4 pistons) for a register more raised, largely used in the Baroque music.

There exists also a multitude of trumpet less used: Those in ground and F which are rather close to the trumpet piccolo in If b

The 4° piston of the trumpet piccolo (known as " petite" trumpet) being used to reach the serious notes of tessiture of the trumpet while generally going down from a quad.

Some famous trumpet players

Classical music

See the list of the traditional trumpet players.

Jazz

Others

  • Maurice Andre

  • Herb Alpert
  • Georges Jouvin
  • Phil Driscoll
  • Patrick Benjamin
  • Rodolphe Rooms
  • Eric Giausserand
  • Nicolas Folmer

See too

References

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