Trichogrammatidae

The Trichogrammatidae are a family of insects Hyménoptère S Apocrite S Térébrant S of the super family of the Chalcidoidea .

Morphology

Cut from 0,3 to 1,2 Misters Couleur varying from the yellow to dark chestnut, never of metal aspect.

Antenna from 5 to 9 segments, pronotum very short. The wings are feathery.

The tarsi have 3 segments, the ovipositor either is hidden or quite visible.

They are different by:

Small size.
Not very sclerified.
Never of metal aspect.

Kinds: Trichogramma , Xenufens , Ufens , Ophioneurus , Lathromeris …

Taxonomy

This family includes/understands 83 kinds for 833 species (Noyes, 2001).

List kinds

Aphelinoidea Girault 1911 (34 species)
Apseudogramma Girault 1915
Asynacta Förster 1856
Australufens Girault 1935
Bloodiella Novicky 1935
Brachista Walker 1851
Brachistagrapha De Santis 1997
Brachygrammatella Girault 1915
Brachyia Strand 1928
Brachyufens Viggiani 1968
Chaetogramma Doutt 1975
Chaetostricha Walker 1851
Chaetostrichella Girault 1914
Densufens Flax 1994
Doirania Waterston 1928
Emeria Skalski 1988
Enneagmus Yoshimoto 1975
Epoligosita Girault 1916
Epoligositina Livingstone & Yacoob 1983
Eteroligosita Viggiani 1976
Eutrichogramma Flax 1981
Gnorimogramma De Santis 1972
Haeckeliania Girault 1912
Hayatia Viggiani 1982
Hispidophila Viggiani 1968
Hydrophylita Ghesquière 1946
Ittys Girault 1911
Ittysella Pinto & Viggiani 1988
Japania Girault 1911
Lathrogramma De Santis 1952
Lathromeris Förster 1856 (22 species)
Lathromeroidea Girault 1912
Lathromeromyia Girault 1914
Megaphragma Timberlake 1924
Microcaetiscus Ghesquière 1946
Mirufens Girault 1915
Monorthochaeta Blood 1923
Neobrachista Girault 1912
Neobrachistella Girault 1912
Neocentrobia Girault 1912
Neocentrobiella Girault 1915
Neolathromera Ishii 1934
Oligosita Walker 1851 (141 species)
Oligositoides Doutt 1968
Ophioneurus Ratzeburg 1852
Paracentrobia Howard 1897 (42 species)
Parahispidophila Yousuf & Shafee 1988
Paraittys Viggiani 1972
Paratrichogramma Girault 1912
Paruscanoidea Girault 1915
Pintoa Viggiani 1988
Poropoea Förster 1851
Prestwichia Lubbock 1864
Probrachista Viggiani 1968
Prochaetostricha Flax 1981
Prosoligosita Hayat & Husain 1981
Pseudobrachysticha Girault 1915
Pseudogrammina Ghesquière 1946
Pseudomirufens Lou 1998
Pseudoxenufens Yoshimoto 1976
Pterandrophysalis Novicky 1935
Pterygogramma Perkins 1906 (12 species)
Soikiella Novicky 1934
Szelenyia Novicky 1940
Thoreauia Girault 1916
Trichogramma Westwood 1833 (195 species)
Trichogrammatella Girault 1911
Trichogrammatoidea Girault 1911 (24 species)
Trichogrammatomyia Girault 1916
Tumidiclava Girault 1911 (18 species)
Tumidifemur Girault 1911
Ufens Girault 1911 (30 species)
Ufensia Girault 1913
Urogramma Girault 1920
Uscana Girault 1911 (26 species)
Uscanella Girault 1911
Uscanoidea Girault 1911
Uscanopsis Girault 1916
Xenufens Girault 1915
Xenufensia Girault 1938
Xiphogramma Novicky 1940
Zagella Girault 1918 (8 species)
Zelogramma Noyes & Valentine 1989

Biology

They are Parasitoïde S oophages solitary or gregarious, generally of Lépidoptère S, Hémiptère S, Coléoptère S, Thysanoptère S, Hyménoptère S, Diptère S and Neuroptère S. They are generally rather polyphagous. Species are phoretic. Their parasitism reached with the field 90%. A species is parasitoïde thorny louse of the Riz Dicladispa gestroi (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Hispinae). Prestwchia aquatica parasite of eggs of Notonecte S, Dytiques and Hygrobia . Hydrophyla aquivolans parasite Ischnura sp.

Their fruitfulness is about 30 to 80 eggs per female and they present from 5 to 10 generations per annum according to the areas.

Use in biological fight

They are candidates of choice for the biological Lutte against a great number of ravageurs, because of their polyphagia and of their facility of breeding.

In France, of the species makes to the object of breedings of mass for lâchers massive seasonal workers like, for example, Trichogramma brassicae against the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis .
Trichogramma minutum and other species are used in the United States.
a species of Trichogramme named Trichogramma fasciatum but which is probably Trichogramma exiguum or Trichogramma fuentesi was been essential with Madagascar of Florida in order to reinforce the action of the indigenous species ( T. chilonis ) on Chilo sacchariphagus , ravageur of the Canne to sugar. To release of nine million individuals place in 1962 had. Only some specimens were found in 1964, marking the failure of this attempt.

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