Treaty of three impostors

The Tractatus de Tribus Impostoribus (Latin), Treated of three impostors or Book of three impostors: Brace, Jesus and Mahomet is an anonymous work denouncing the religion like a fraud having for goal control of the people and showing both Prophète S Jewish and Musulman as well as the Christian Messie of deliberated imposture. He enjoys an unquestionable celebrity in Europe of the 18th century when several versions circulated clandestinely, including one written in French, more known under the name of Life and the spirit of Mr. Benoit Spinoza or the Spirit of Spinoza .

Although one of the versions carries the date of 1598 and that rumors claim that such a treaty would have existed as of the medium of the Middle Ages, the first Traité of three impostors could be appeared only at the 17th century. It seems nevertheless certain that he rests on oral and written sources former of which some are very old: Philon, Countered Celsum Origène, perhaps texts Qarmates the thesis of the three impostors , known in Europe as of the 13th century, was allotted to various suspectées Athéisme or shown people blasphemy or of Hérésie. Among the names suggested as author of the idea or the work: Averroès, Frederic II, Boccace, Pomponazzi, Machiavel, Arétin, Michel Servet, Jerome Cardan joint, Giordano Bruno, Tommaso Campanella, Vanini, Hobbes, Spinoza, Matthias Knutzen, the baron D' Holbach, to stick to most famous.

Editions

To date, two Latin editions, Of tractatus of tribes imposteribus , reached us. The first date of 1688, entitled in the beginning Of imposturis religionum breve compendium . Republished in 1867, with Brussels, in a translation of Brownish Pierre-Gustave, alias Philomnestre Junior. He based on a Latin manuscript in had by Charles Nodier (born in 1780). But this version was probably published towards 1753, under the fictitious date of 1598, probably by Johan Joachim Müller, Juriste, which composed of it the text at the time of an academic meeting with the Université of Kiel. The book was then translated into German by Müller.

The second version of the tribes of imposteribus , be-saying was translated from Latin according to a manuscript stolen in the library of Prince de Saxe, but is more probably a treaty written in French under the title the life and the spirit of Mr. Benoit Spinoza , published in 1712 (or 1719) with Rotterdam and the author would be Jan Vraesen. This version was republished as of 1721 under the title Traité of three impostors , version allotted to Jean Maximilien Lucas. It was also allotted to a lawyer of Rheims, Marc-Antoine Oudinet. There exists in fact many specimens of the Traité of three impostors/Esprit of Spinoza , with more or less large differences between them.

A third version was published by the baron d' Holbach some decades allotted later and quickly to its editor.

One could confuse the Treaty with the Cymbalum Mundi ( din of the world ), of Bonaventure of Périers, works ironic, prohibited by the Parliament of Paris in 1537. There was also confusion with the Theophrastus Redivirus ( Théophraste returned to the life ), written in 1660. It is possible that other manuscripts carrying the title of Traité of three impostors circulated well before these dates.

Presumed authors

The canon Simon de Tournai (who flowered of 1184 to 1200) would have made the remarks on three impostors, but to refute them, which shows in any case that the history circulated at that time. Among those which were the first suspected in Europe of having made these remarks or to have even developed them in a treaty blasphématoire with regard to the religions Jewish, Christian and Moslem, figure the emperor of Germany and king de Sicile Frederic II Hohenstauffen (or its secretary Pierre of the Vines). In 1239, it was shown by Gregoire IX to have expressed the idea blasphémtoire of it by declaring that Moïse, Jesus and Mahomet was largest impostors of humanity. Notorious atheist, fascinated by the Arab culture, the emperor accommodated many Arab philosophers at his Court, which was an active center of freedom of thought, rational science, religious indifference and hostility with papacy. However the religious comparative literature of the Treaty, which condemns of the same movement the religions Jewish, Christian and Moslem as well as the spirit of free examination inherited ancient rationalism makes think that the book has an origin arabo-Moslem woman. Thus, the work at the time of the Emperor was allotted to Averroès, whose rationalist philosophy was wrongfully regarded as atheist. The searchs for Louis Massignon make go up the origin of the Traité with arguments of religious propaganda employed by Abu Tahir Al-Djannabi (907 - 944), third sovereign of the kingdom Qarmate of Bahrayn been based by a sect of Ismaélien S dissidents. He would have said:

In this world, three individuals corrupted the men, a shepherd, a doctor and a camel driver. And this camel driver was the worst escamotor, the worst conjurer of the three.

Thesis of the book

The Treaty is a systematic talk of irreligion, of inspiration deist. It makes initially the etiology of the religion, enumerating all the reasons which push the men to be deviated from the " right-hand side raison" and denouncing

those with which it mattered that the people were contained and stopped by similar daydreams.

Then, it attacks with the three supposed prophets and the crowned texts. The Bible is criticized like one

fabrics of fragments bent together in various times, collected by various people and published consent of the rabbis, who decided, according to their imagination, of what was to be approved or rejected, according to whether they found it in conformity or opposed to the law of Brace.

References

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