Treaty of Kiakhta

The Treated of Kiakhta (Russian  : Кяхтинскийдоговор  ; Chinese  : 恰克圖條約   ; Pinyin  : Qiàkètú tiáoyuē) of the first treaties signed between the Russian Empire was one and the Empire Qing. It establishes trade agreements and fixed the border between the Russian Siberia and the Qing territories of Mongolia and Mandchourie. It was signed by Tulišen and the count Sava Vladislavitch (Ragouzinski) in the frontier town of Kiakhta, the August 23rd 1727.

The treaty of Kiakhta fixed the border sino-Russian at the Kiakhta rivers and Argoun. With the Treated of Nertchinsk (1689) and the Treated of Aigun (1858), it contributed to establish the current borders. It also treated legal and commercial relations between the two nations on the border; the sanctions for specific crimes were defined, including an article on the exchanges of fugitive. Moreover, the merchants Russian, the commercial counters or comparable profited from a certain degree of extraterritoriality and cultural exemption. Among the other provisions, they were exempted tribute with the Chinese emperor. The treaty had three versions, one in Russian, one in Latin and one in Mandchou, but there is not any Chinese version.

The treaty included/understood eleven articles, whose principal ones treated commercial relations and immunities diplomatiques :

  • articles I and XI spoke about eternal peaces and co-operation between the two nations and specified the language and the organization of the remainder of the document.
  • article II treated exchange of fugitive.
  • articles III and VII fixed the frontières  ; only the territory bordering the Ob, to the east of the Gorbitsa river, was not allotted. According to the treaty, the fate of this territory was to be later on given by ambassadors or the exchange of correspondences between the capitals of the two nations.
  • article VI treated relations commerciales  ; this treaty, among others, gave to Russia commercial advantages quite higher than those of the majority of the European countries, from which the merchants came by sea to Canton.
  • the article V authorized the establishment of a Russian religious institution with Beijing.
  • articles VI and IX specified the details of the diplomatic relations between the two nations, each one having a complex system of bureaucracy and protocol.
  • articles VIII and X discussed the methods and the procedures to regulate the future conflicts.

Source

Wikipedia article in English.

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