Treaties of Westphalia

The treated of Westphalia concluded the Guerre from Thirty Years and the Guerre Eighty year old the October 24th 1648.

Catholic S and Protesting S having refused to meet, the negotiations were held as from December 1644 with Münster for the first and starting from 1645 with Osnabrück for the seconds. This solution had been proposed by Sweden and had been preferred with the French alternative which suggested Hamburg and Cologne.

Participants in the negotiations

The talks of Münster opposed the United Provinces (the Netherlands) to the Spain and the France with the Saint Germanic Roman Empire. Those of Osnabrück, the Sweden with the Empire. The principal recipients were Sweden, the Netherlands and France. French side, the diplomacy initiated by Mazarin was decisive.

Replanning of the chart of Europe

The decisions reorganize the Europe for long years. The broad outlines are:

official Annexation by France of the Three bishoprices (Metz, Toul and Verdun) which was under French supervision since 1552, and of the Low-Alsace, Brisach (Germany) and of Pignerol, city of the Piedmont;
Independence of the United Provinces (Netherlands);
Annexation by Sweden of the Western Poméranie and other territories giving him the control of the mouths of the Oder, the Elba and the Weser
Annexation by the Brandebourg of the Eastern Poméranie
Attribution of the Haut-Palatinat to the Bavaria
Recognition of the independence of the Swiss Cantons.

The Empire was parcelled out in 350 small States, ringing the knell of the power of the Habsbourg.

The treaty also set up the sovereign State-nation like base of the International law, putting fine (in theory) to the right of most extremely. It was a new design of the Souveraineté.

Religious aspects

The treaties recognized the three confessions, catholic, Lutheran and calvinist in the Holy roman Empire, the princes preserving the right to impose their religion on their subjects.

The most virulent disputes came from the the Holy See, which lost there most of its influence on the European policy, and from Spain which continued the fight against France until the Traité of the Pyrenees in 1659.

See too

Münster, city where the room of peace is in which were signed the Treaties of Westphalia

External bonds

texts and translations texts of treaties of Westphalia and several translations (German, English, French, etc)
Peace treaty of Osnabrück (Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis, IPO), German full version
Peace treaty of Münster (Instrumentum Pacis Monasteriensis, IPM), German full version
" Project; Treaty of Westphalie" (with volumes of test of 26e Exposure of the Council of Europe " 1648: War and Peace in Europe" , 1998/1999, in German)

Sources

Random links:

Geer (river) | Husband (goddess) | Elections in California | 367e regiment of infantry | 1408 (film)