Trawler

The trawl

The trawl is the net trails by the trawler. It has a characteristic form in Entonnoir, prolonged with the opening by wings to widen the range of it. It can be tractor drawn by only one or two ships (one speaks then about trawling out of ox , expression evoking oxen which drew the plow). The trawl is drag by cables called “funes” . It is closed at its end (the “bottom of the trawl” ) by a rope known as Raban of bottom . A combined system of panels, chains (ballast) and of more technical lièges or floats (in the case of fishing in deep seas) make it possible to maintain open its opening and to regulate the form and the depth of it. The mesh size varies wings until the “bottom of trawl” . It was regulated for better safeguarding the youthful ones.

The trawler can trail its trawl between two water ( pelagic trawling ) or on the bottom ( basic trawling ) or on the “ deep seas ”.

Types of trawl

Pelagic trawl

The pelagic trawl makes it possible to fish fish of full water. The pelagic trawls are especially employed for the capture of the fish " bleus" (Sardine S, Anchovy, Mackerel X, Tuna S. the hakes and Cabillaud S are gadidés living rather on the funds, and thus captured by basic trawls.
Il can have confusion with trawls there known as " Naberan" who are basic trawls with very large opening. These trawls are large-sized with a large opening in order to capture the most possible fish. The Sondeur makes it possible to maintain the net between surface and the bottom and to position it vis-a-vis a fish bench thanks to the Sonar. The sounder is used to know the height of water under the boat, the quality of the funds and to possibly detect the fish benches. It is not used for in no case to maintain the trawl with a certain depth. On the other hand, the sounder of cord back, netsonde, makes it possible to know the distance from the trawl of the bottom and surface. At this time one acts over the length of cables (funes) slipped by in order to adjust the level of the trawl compared to that of the fish bench. One can also act on the speed of the ship with a same aim.

Basic trawl

As its name indicates it, the trawl is positioned near the bottom. The species targeted are known as “ benthic ” (For example: Cod, Coalfish, Whiting, Haddock.).
Des special trawls allows since the years 1980 an industrial fishing of fish of deep seas and with the Poisson of deep seas : Pomegranates (various kind and fish species of the family Coryphaenoides), emperor (fish species of deep sea), blue ling, white ling, sabers (various species belonging to the kind Trichiurus).

There are three ways of holding an open trawl when it fishes:

with a beam fixed on two shoes: beam trawl. The top of the net (the back) is fixed on a metal or wood beam. The bottom of the net, ballasted of a chain, is fixed in bottom of the shoes and drag on the bottom. The opening of the trawl is not very large: width 3 to 6 m, height according to the height of the shoes. It is the oldest type, still used by the crevettiers, who can trail some several at the same time, and in some other fishings (flat fish plate type in Dutch cheese for example). One can see some with the wearing of Dunkirk, for example, like in Guyana, etc Only one fune is enough to draw such a trawl.
with panels. On each side of the net (on the " ailes"), one fixes a broad metal or wood plate which will work the made-to-order of a kite, but " with the envers" , i.e. when the boat advances, the pressure of water will reduce it. It is necessary to regulate the incidence of the panels carefully so that they deviate well, go down well together, effleurent the bottom without burying itself nor on the contrary to raise the trawl. The back of the trawl is raised by floats, bottom is ballasted by a chain which one provides with rollers if the bottom is rock, stony, etc
between two boats. to see following section.

Trawl-ox

The trawl-ox is trailed by two boats. The operation is more delicate but it makes it possible to have very large trawls whose mouth is much more largely open. The trawlers embark alternatively the catches. They for example are used by the fishermen of Turballe and Saint-Jean-with-Luz in France or in the Scandinavian countries.

System of fishing

The net tractor drawn by the ship (one says to make a milked ) during a few hours (with goodwill captain), then went up and hoisted on the bridge. A milked average of trawl lasts 3 hours, at estimated 4 at 5 nodes is a course from 12 to 15 thousand (20 to 30 km). The pocket is slung then raised, the node of rope which closes the bottom trawl east demolishes and the catches are spread on the park. The once emptied net is given to water quickly for another milked , the crew takes care then of the sorting, the evisceration, washing and the setting in ice. Aboard industrial trawler, the catches are descended in the tween deck which contains the factory . They étêtées, éviscérées, washed, put in nets, are finally frozen and stored. The crew makes use of machines of the type Baader (machine with éviscérer) for the preparation of fish. Fresh waste is rejected directly with the sea.

Boats

The trawlers are the Bateau X the most used in fishing and majority in the fishing ports. One distinguishes the units from artisanal fishing belonging to a owner-fisherman and the units of great fishing or industrial fishing who belong to a Armateur or to a waterway transport company.

Artisanal trawlers

The artisanal trawlers are specialized most of the time in the noble species of captures like the Colin, the Daurade, the Lotte, the Sole or the Langoustine. In Bay of Somme, one chalute the gray Shrimp. The countryside starts in June of the paddle until the middle of the afternoon. In Brittany, the crawfish makes live the most important flotilla of France. In the Basque Country, the anchovy occupies most of the trawlers.

Trawlers of great fishing

Deep-sea trawlers

They fish the black Lieu in the North Sea, the Maquereau and the Chinchard in Manche, the plate, hake and sea-bream in the west of the Brittany and the west of the Ireland. The fish are preserved in the ice then unloaded and sold with the shouted .

Dangers of the trade

The principal danger is " the croche" : the trawl ridges against an obstacle: rock, wreck, cast container. The net will tear, the funes can be very tended and break, the ship exaggeratedly can gîter, to even capsize. Another danger to the crew: the panels are very heavy and can wound. It also happens that with the setting with water, the net involves a man with the sea. Finally the trawl can have fished an explosive device. One suspects that submarines can be caught in the trawl and make run the boat.

History of the trawl

In its monumental encyclopedia entitled Natural history , Pline Old the evokes already the existence of the Targula , a kind of fishing net which was trailed on sea-bed. In Europe, the first references to trawling appear with

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