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Biography

Youth

Until the death of his father, Henri grows with his brothers and sisters with the Château of Blois and of Amboise. He is educated by two tutors known for their open-minded: Jacques Amyot and François de Carnavalet. Emphasized by her mother Catherine de Médicis who it affectionate, it very early exerts her role of royal prince, as its official presence with the General states to 1561 testifies to it. In 1565, at the time of the interview of Bayonne, it is charged to go to Spain to seek his/her sister the queen Elisabeth. It does not have whereas fourteen years. Catherine de Médicis wishes that Henri becomes the firmest support of the royalty. At sixteen years, Henri thus becomes general Lieutenant. This very high warhead made of him the second of the kingdom after the king his brother. Unfortunately, the political ambitions of Louis, prince de Condé, who coveted this load, involves a competition between them. An violent incident between Henri and Condé incites the prince to leave the court and, subsequently, to reopen the hostilities between the Protesting S and the king. Henri invests himself then personally during the second and third wars of religion. Skilfully advised by the marshal Gaspard de Saulx-Tavannes, it is illustrated by gaining the battles of Moncontour and Jarnac, during which the prince of Condé is killed. Henri ridicules the skin of the prince while walking it during two days on a ass, which are worth to him the rancour of Henri Ier de Bourbon-Cop, the son and successor of Louis.

The military important facts of Henri, like his pace of ideal prince, maintain his popularity and make jealous his/her brother Charles IX, hardly older than him.

Very early, the duke of Anjou is confronted with the policy. Nearer to the Own way than of the Montmorency, he preaches within the royal council - where his/her mother introduced it - austerity measures against the Protestants. Its ambition to control and its aptitudes to do it make of him, with the eyes of its contemporaries, a very awaited potential successor. Catherine de Médicis with the ambition to make him marry a high princess, but Henri has eyes only for beautiful the Marie de Clèves. The queen mother would like to give to her son a royal crown in Europe, but the negociations with Elisabeth {{Ire}}, queen of England, fail because of the religious requirements of the prince. During the episodes of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, Henri is held on the side of the duke of Own way by hatred of the duke of Montmorency, but nothing comes to prove any participation of the prince in the massacre.

In January 1573, the king entrusts the command of the army to him to seize the town of La Rochelle, capital of French Protestantism. The seat which lasts several months is a failure. It stops when the duke of Anjou learns from his mother that it was elected king de Pologne.

The Polish period

The Catherine queen had sent the bishop of Valence, Jean de Monluc, in extraordinary embassy to support in front of the Diète, the candidature of her son for the Polish throne. Thanks to its talent of diplomat, Montluc succeeds in convincing it and Henri is elected King of the '' Rzeczpospolita '' of Poland-Lithuania under the name of Henri IV of Valois ( Henryk IV Walezy ). August 19th 1573, a large Polish delegation made up of 10 ambassadors and 250 gentlemen is sent in France to go to seek it. The new king was obliged to sign the first Pacta Conventa, called “ the Articles of the King Henry ” (a kind of Magna Carta), that all the sovereigns polono-Lithuanians of the future will have to respect. Henri not being in a hurry to leave, made trail his departure. Henri had to be carried out in front of the requirements of the king his brother with whom Henri bade his farewell in December 1573.

Started from Fontainebleau, it arrives at Cracow on February 18th 1574 after a rather difficult crossing of the German countries. It is accompanied by a many troop by gentilhommes by quality: Albert de Gondi, Louis de Gonzague, Charles of Own way, François of O…

February 21st, he is crowned, but refuses to marry Anna Jagellon, sister of Sigismond II Auguste, 24 years its elder which he judges " laide".

He learns by a letter on June 14th 1574 death from his Charles brother, and then thinks of leaving Poland which is not appropriate to him. A king of Poland does not have as much to be able that a king of France and Henri regrets the court of France considered in the Europe for his festivals. Without the permission of the Diet Polonaise, he escapes from night, on June 16th 1574 of the Château of Wawel.

Return in France

Henri arrives at Vienna to Austria, on June 23rd when it meets the emperor Maximilien II. The Austrian capital accommodates it with ostentation and it spends there nearly 150.000 ecus. Then reached the Italy where it stops at greater length. The République of Venice accommodates it with many pump and ostentations which fill with wonder the young sovereign. It makes the meeting of the courtesan Veronica Free with which it will have a short relation. It passes then to Padoue, Ferrare and Mantoue. In August, It is with Monza where it meets Charles Borromée which impresses it highly. With Turin, Henri III finds his aunt Marguerite de France, then, the duke of Savoy comes to seek it to take it along to Chambéry. He thus crosses the the Alps on board a Litière glazed.

It arrives at Chambéry on September 2nd 1574 where it finds his brother François d' Alençon and his/her cousin Henri de Navarre. September 6th it is accommodated with Lyon by his mother. It wishes the cancellation of the marriage of Marie de Clèves in order to marry it, but on October 30th, whereas it has just arrived at Avignon, he learns his death. This news destroys it and he refuses to feed during ten days.

February 13rd 1575, Henri third of the name, is crowned in the cathedral of Rheims by the cardinal of Own way. February 15th, he marries Louise de Vaudémont-Nomény, princess of Lorraine. He will not have children of this marriage.

The beginning of a reign marked by the war

As of his advent, Henri III is confronted with the war carried out by Henri de Montmorency count of Damville, said king of the Languedoc . At the Court, it must face the plots fomented by his brother François d' Alençon, who carries out the party " of Malcontents" and king de Navarre, the future Henri IV, which end up fleeing of the court and taking the weapons. While Alençon is combined with the protesting party, the king of Navarre turns over to the religion calvinist. The countryside which engages then is disastrous for the king. The prince de Condé called upon the son of the Count Palatine of the Rhine Jean Casimir, which comes with its mercenaries to threaten Paris. In spite of the victory of the duke of Own way to Dormans over the avant-garde, Henri III must incline himself. May 6th 1576, it grants the edict of Beaulieu, otherwise called the peace of Mister whose his/her François brother is the gaining main thing. Henri III grants to him the title of duke of Anjou. The Protestants obtain as for them very many advantages, which reinforces the rancour of the catholics and contributes to give birth to the first leagues.

Humiliated, Henri III only seeks to take again his revenge. He must first of all join together with the end of the year the General states with Blois with an aim of making up the budget deficits caused by the war. Under the pressure of the catholic deputies, Henri III decides to take again the war against the Protestants. Previously, it took care to be reconciled with his brother who, filled benefits, walks to his sides. Henri de Montmorency also adopts the royal cause. Thus the 6th war of religion begins whose unfolding will take place mainly in Languedoc. The town of Montpellier, taken by the Protestants, sees his citadel shaven by the catholic troops. September 17th 1577, the peace of Bergerac is signed between the belligerents and the edict of Poitiers somewhat restricts the freedoms granted to the Protestants in the preceding edict.

A still fragile power

Henri III leaves with his mother Catherine de Médicis the care to perfect peace. It accomplishes a stay with Nérac where it reconciles the couple Navarre and signs on February 28th 1579, an edict granting to the Protestants three places safety in Guyenne and eleven places in Languedoc, for one six months duration. It starts then a large turn of France. The efforts of the queen-mother does not prevent the war from being very briefly re-ignited. In 1580, the 7th war of religion called " War of Amoureux" , bursts in France. It will be of very short duration and François of Alençon negotiates the Paix of Fleix on November 26th 1580. The negotiators envisage a six years trève.

Always on the councils of his mother, Henri III supports the ambitions of François of Anjou with the Netherlands, while repudiating it in front of the Spanish ambassador. Conscious of brittlenesses of the country, the king does not want to risk himself with an open conflict with Spain. Its relations with Philippe II of Spain are then with low. In 1582, France supports Antoine, claiming with the throne of Portugal, whereas Philippe II occupies the country. Ordered by Strozzi, the French fleet is heavily put in failure at the Canary islands, with the Bataille of the Azores. The French are carried out without pity and Strozzi finds death.

The same year, the French also fail the Netherlands with the disastrous retirement of François of Anjou. After the fury of Antwerp , the French prince must withdraw fault of means, which leads the Spaniards to take again the control of the Flanders that they had lost. In front of the rise to power of Spain, Henri III tightens more than ever alliance with the queen of England and receives the Order of the Garter.

Its manner of controlling

Intelligent man, Henri III knows art to control. He takes again the policy which was that of his/her mother Catherine de Médicis, by drawing aside from the businesses of the State noble big families which did not cease, since the beginning of the wars of religion, to quarrel for the capacity. The king will promote at the court of the men of minor nobility to which he will give very high responsibilities. Henri III intends to be pressed on these new men to control. The court of Henri III thus sees appearing Favori S which know, thanks to the king, a fulgurating fortune and which one will call vulgarly the nice.

The king for having around him men who are completely devoted for him. To concretize this project, it creates, in 1578, the Ordre of the Holy Spirit, an order of knighthood which links all its members around him. To impose itself, the king intends to impress his subjects. He organizes sumptuous festivals, like those given in the honor of the duke of Merry in 1581. To this occasion, one gives to the court the sumptuous comic Ballet of the queen . The king also gives important money sums, in reward, with the most dedicated servants. All this expenditure does not fail to look further into the debt of the kingdom, but, for the king, the restoration of the royal power remains the priority.

In addition, Henri III organizes several important reforms, in particular monetary reforms having to regulate the financial problems of the kingdom. Henri III returns also the label of the more strict court, preceding thus that of Versailles one century later. Like Louis XIV later, Henri III seeks to emphasize his majesty.

The League

The relative peace which settled during a few years in the kingdom is undermined when François d' Alençon dies of tuberculosis in 1584 without children. Henri III itself does not manage to have children. Enclosure at the beginning of its marriage, the Louise queen had only false hopes. The dynasty of the Valois is thus condemned to die out. According to the Salic law, the heritage of the crown would return to the Maison of Bourbon whose chief is Henri, king de Navarre. The fact that this one is Protestant causes an enormous problem for the catholic consciences for which it is impossible to see a Protestant going up on the throne. For the catholics, the reconciliation between the king of France and the king of Navarre is in itself unacceptable.

The duke of Own way, fearing the arrival on the throne of Henri de Navarre, signs with Spain a secret treaty. Against 50.000 ecus monthly magazine, the duke commits himself to prevent Henri from becoming king of France and rather placing the cardinal of Bourbon, catholic, on the throne.

Under the pressure of the League and his chief, very powerful and very popular duke of Own way, Henri III sees himself constrained to sign the Traité of Nemours on July 7th 1585. The king must pare the heretics out it kingdom and make the war with Henri de Navarre, his own heir. The eighth and last war of religion starts. It is called " War of the three Henri" because Henri de Guise, Henri III, and Henri de Navarre are the three belligerents.

The War of the three Henri

October 20th 1587, with Coutras, the catholic troops of the king directed by the duke of Merry meet those of Henri de Navarre, on the way since La Rochelle to rejoin an army of: 35000 huguenots in order to go on Paris. It is a catastrophe for the catholic army which loses: 2000 soldiers while Henri de Navarre lost only 40 of them. The duke of Merry dies with his Claude brother of Saint-Saver.

The ambitions of the catholic League and its width make shade with the king who takes of hatred this movement. Henri III tries by all the means of slowing down his expansion. Very quickly, a ditch grows hollow between him and the urban catholic mediums. The catholics reproach him his lack of vitality and utility in the war against the Protestants. Henri III, indeed, is worried more about the ambitions of the League than of the Protestants. The image of the king, ridiculed by the lampoons of the League and the sermons of the Parisian priests, worsens considerably in popular environments. May 8th 1588, the duke of Own way enters to Paris. Fearing a catch to be able of the ultra-catholics, Henri III fact of entering the Suisses and the Gardes-Françaises to Paris on May 12th, which causes an insurrection. It is the day of the barricades. May 13rd 1588, the king leaves Paris for Tours.

August 1st 1588, Catherine de Médicis and Henri de Guise arrive at Tours and require of the king to return to Paris, which he refuses. The king does not have anything any more to lose. He convenes the General states with Blois. December 23rd at the evening, it makes assassinate the duke of Own way: in front of his skin the king pronounced these words " he even larger, died that vivant". January 5th 1589, the king is with the bedside of his old mother who dies in the night, wearied the crystallized ones and difficulties of the capacity. The assassination of the duke of Own way causes the immediate rising of ligueuse France. With Paris, the Sorbonne unties of its oath of fidelity the people of France, whereas the preachers call with the murder. All the cities and the provinces follow, except for Tours, Blois and Beaugency, close to the king, and Bordeaux (held by Matignon), Angers (of Aumont) and the Dauphiné (of Ornano). Isolated, tracked even after the victory of the duke of Mayenne close to Amboise, Henri III sees himself constrained to reconcile himself with king de Navarre. The royal troops and the Protestant troops are linked then to put an end to the League. The royalists join little by little, and allow to the kings France and of Navarre to make countryside to go to besiege Paris, plunged in one is delirious fanatic. The two kings joined together an army of more than: 30000 men who is on the point of besieging the capital. Paris is then defended by: 45000 men of the middle-class militia, armed by the king with Spain Philippe II.

The 1589, Henri III, then installed with Saint-Cloud in waiting of the seat of Paris, is assassinated by Jacques Clément, monk Dominicain member of a league. At the time to be stabbed, he exclaims full with rage: " Malicious monk, you killed me! ". After slow and douleureuse anguish, he dies in the morning of August 2nd 1589. His/her cousin Henri de Navarre succeeds to him under the name of Henri IV. Henri III is the last sovereign of the dynasty of Valois which reigned on the France of 1328 with 1589.

The mystery Henri III

Its personality

Henri III is a man of contrasts who presents several facets: that of a proud man to the distinguished and solemn manners, but also that of an extravagant man who likes the entertainments and his pleasures. Its personality is complex. Its apparent softness hiding place an often nervous spirit which involves it sometimes worms of black and violent angers.

First of all, Henri III has the grace and the Majesté of a king. Always with the research of elegance, Henri III likes to emphasize his appearance. It is a man who likes the fashion and his extravagances (earrings and imposing strawberry). Henri III is also a man of a great softness. He hates violence and avoids any quarrelsome confrontation. He forsakes the physical-activities, although he is one of the expert swordsmen of the kingdom. Its dislike of the Hunting and the warlike activities, privileges of the noble , is worth to him sour criticisms on behalf of its contemporaries.

Henri III is a king more suited to affairer in his cabinet with his ministers than with guerroyer on a battle field. It is a very intelligent man, but of low nature. Its principal defect remains its too great leniency.

Lastly, Henri III is a pious man, deeply catholic. With the age, its piety develops. Misfortunes which overpower it at the end of its reign give him a taste for the macabre one. He devotes himself in an ostentatious way to the processions of the penitent ones. Of nervous nature, the king is very an very ill patient. Henri III believes that its misfortunes (of which the absence of heirs) and those to his kingdom are caused by its sins. He thus spends his time mortifying himself in monasteries where, during a few days, he takes a sprituelle retirement.

The passion of the women

The contemporaries of Henri III described us the king like a man loving the women much. If those were less known than those of Henri II or François Ier, it is that, by respect for his wife and his mother, Henri III never conferred the title of to them main official. In its youth, its passion for the women is such, that its adventures tarnish its reputation and ruin its health. In 1582, an Italian ambassador said: “the king also had some diseases to have attended in its youth too familiarly the women ”. Several names are known, in particular Renee de Rieux and Louise of Béraudière, resulting from the minor nobility. He also attends at the time of his Italian tour which brings back it Poland in June 1574, beautiful Veronica Free, a Courtisane Venetian strong fame at the time. Lastly, it did not recover from dead of the princess of Cop Marie de Clèves with whom it maintained a platonic relation, impassioned.

One knows less the name of the women maintained after his marriage. By respect for his wife Louise of Lorraine which he liked, he was done more discrete, organizing its go with the gallant ladies in Parisian private mansions. The love of a king for his queen is a rare fact, but made exceptional, Henri III had chosen Louise of Lorraine for his beauty and his spirit and not for political reasons. Catherine de Médicis surprises them one day in intimacy, the queen on the knees of the king. That does not prevent the king from having furtive adventures with a multitude of beautiful and enjouées young girls: Misses of Mirandole, Bridge, Stavay.

The pink legend of Henri III

A long time, the conveyed image of Henri III indissociable of that of its Favori S was more usually called nice . At the 19th century, it is a topic with the mode and several romantic painters and authors tested themselves there. Henri III then is described and represented surrounded effeminatized beautiful young men, with the eccentric and grotesque costumes. This caricatural image of the king, very far away from reality, is remained very popular.

Today, the Homosexualité of the king is not really any more allowed. The only sources which evoke male adventures are partisanes sources like that of the Savoyard diplomat Lucinge, enemy of the France, which writes that the king was initiated with the male loves by Rene de Villequier. These sources describing manners of the king are in general Pamphlet S written by Protestant extremists (Theodore Agrippa of Aubigné), but especially of the catholic extremists belonging to the Ligue. At the court, and generally, the contemporaries held them for calumnies. The writers like Estoile or Brantôme, known for their embarrassing information grant no credit and put to it forward the overflowing passion of the king for the women.

What can still make doubt the historians and can make think that Henri III was Bisexuel, it is its behavior manner and its unrestrained taste for the artifices of the mode (costume, physical appearance, puppies, etc). Henri III is also often described like a very pious king. He often devoted himself to spectacular demonstrations of atonements, which proves that, even if he were very pious, he did not regard himself as immaculate, on the contrary. Among the recent historians, Pierre Chevallier refutes the exclusive homosexuality of the king, but Mr. Solnon, as for him, while insisting on the female adventures of Henri III employs the expression of psychic homosexuality to qualify the sexual orientation of the sovereign, admitting by là-même that this question remains despite everything problems.

The deformed image of the king Henri III finds his origin in the intense propaganda conveyed by the League. The call of the priests with rising was accompanied in last the months by its reign, of a violent wave of propaganda intended to pervert the image royal in the spirit of the French. The change of dynasty did not really allow the rehabilitation of this defamed king and image of Henri III distorts it continued to remain. In spite of the efforts of the Louise queen and duchess of Angouleme to obtain a support in favor of the late king, neither Henri IV, too anxious to take pleasure the Own way, nor the Church examined a rehabilitation of the character and a punishment of the culprits who had made it kill.

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